Library·Manu-Smrti·8

Manu-Smrti 8

व्यवहारान् दिदृक्षुस् तु ब्राह्मणैः सह पार्थिवः । मन्त्रज्ञैर् मन्त्रिभिश् च-एव विनीतः प्रविशेत्) सभाम् ॥

vyavahārān didṛkṣus tu brāhmaṇaiḥ saha pārthivaḥ | mantrajñair mantribhiś ca-eva vinītaḥ praviśet) sabhām ||

A king, desirous of investigating law cases, must enter his court of justice, preserving a dignified demeanour, together with Brāhmaṇas and with experienced councillors.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

तत्र-आसीनः स्थितो वा-अपि पाणिम् उद्यम्य) दक्षिणम् । विनीतवेषआभरणः पश्येत्) कार्याणि कार्यिणाम् ॥

tatra-āsīnaḥ sthito vā-api pāṇim udyamya) dakṣiṇam | vinīta.veṣa.ābharaṇaḥ paśyet) kāryāṇi kāryiṇām ||

There, either seated or standing, raising his right arm, without ostentation in his dress and ornaments, let him examine the business of suitors,

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

प्रत्यहं देशदृष्टैश् च शास्त्रदृष्टैश् च हेतुभिः । अष्टादशसु मार्गेषु निबद्धानि पृथक् पृथक् ॥

pratyahaṃ deśadṛṣṭaiś ca śāstradṛṣṭaiś ca hetubhiḥ | aṣṭādaśasu mārgeṣu nibaddhāni pṛthak pṛthak ||

Daily (deciding) one after another (all cases) which fall under the eighteen titles (of the law) according to principles drawn from local usages and from the Institutes of the sacred law.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

तेषाम् आद्यम् ऋणादानं निक्षेपो ऽअस्वामिविक्रयः । संभूय) च समुत्थानं दत्तस्य-अनपकर्म च ।

teṣām ādyam ṛṇādānaṃ nikṣepo 'asvāmivikrayaḥ | saṃbhūya) ca samutthānaṃ dattasya-anapakarma ca |

Of those (titles) the first is the non-payment of debts, (then follow), (2) deposit and pledge, (3) sale without ownership, (4) concerns among partners, and (5) resumption of gifts,

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वेतनस्य-एव चादानं संविदश् च व्यतिक्रमः । क्रयविक्रयानुशयो विवादः स्वामिपालयोः ॥

vetanasya-eva cādānaṃ saṃvidaś ca vyatikramaḥ | kraya.vikrayānuśayo vivādaḥ svāmi.pālayoḥ ||

(6) Non-payment of wages, (7) non-performance of agreements, (8) rescission of sale and purchase, (9) disputes between the owner (of cattle) and his servants,

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सीमाविवादधर्मश् च पारुष्ये दण्डवाचिके । स्तेयं च साहसं च-एव स्त्रीसंग्रहणम् एव च ॥

sīmāvivādadharmaś ca pāruṣye daṇḍavācike | steyaṃ ca sāhasaṃ ca-eva strīsaṃgrahaṇam eva ca ||

(10) Disputes regarding boundaries, (11) assault I and () defamation, (13) theft, (14) robbery and violence, (15) adultery, VIII..

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

स्त्रीपुंधर्मो विभागश् च द्यूतम् आह्वय एव च । पदान्य् अष्टादश-एतानि व्यवहारस्थिताव् इह ॥

strī.puṃdharmo vibhāgaś ca dyūtam āhvaya eva ca | padāny aṣṭādaśa-etāni vyavahārasthitāv iha ||

(16) Duties of man and wife, (17) partition (of inheritance), (18) gambling and betting; these are in this world the eighteen topics which give rise to lawsuits.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

एषु स्थानेषु भूयिष्ठं विवादं चरतां) नृणाम् । धर्मं शाश्वतम् आश्रित्य) कुर्यात्) कार्यविनिर्णयम् ॥

eṣu sthāneṣu bhūyiṣṭhaṃ vivādaṃ caratāṃ) nṛṇām | dharmaṃ śāśvatam āśritya) kuryāt) kāryavinirṇayam ||

Depending on the eternal law, let him decide the suits of men who mostly contend on the titles just mentioned.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यदा स्वयं न कुर्यात्) तु नृपतिः कार्यदर्शनम् । तदा नियुञ्ज्याद्) विद्वांसं ब्राह्मणं कार्यदर्शने ॥

yadā svayaṃ na kuryāt) tu nṛpatiḥ kāryadarśanam | tadā niyuñjyād) vidvāṃsaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ kāryadarśane ||

But if the king does not personally investigate the suits, then let him appoint a learned Brāhmaṇa to try them.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सो ऽअस्य कार्याणि संपश्येत्) सभ्यैर् एव त्रिभिर् वृतः) । सभाम् एव प्रविश्य)-अग्र्याम् आसीनः स्थित एव वा ॥

so 'asya kāryāṇi saṃpaśyet) sabhyair eva tribhir vṛtaḥ) | sabhām eva praviśya)-agryām āsīnaḥ sthita eva vā ||

That (man) shall enter that most excellent court, accompanied by three assessors, and fully consider (all) causes (brought) before the (king), either sitting down or standing.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यस्मिन् देशे निषीदन्ति) विप्रा वेदविदस् त्रयः । राज्ञश् च-अधिकृतो विद्वान् ब्रह्मणस् तां सभां विदुः) ॥

yasmin deśe niṣīdanti) viprā vedavidas trayaḥ | rājñaś ca-adhikṛto vidvān brahmaṇas tāṃ sabhāṃ viduḥ) ||

Where three Brāhmaṇas versed in the Vedas and the learned (judge) appointed by the king sit down, they call that the court of (four-faced) Brahman.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

धर्मो विद्धस्) त्व् अधर्मेण सभां यत्र-उपतिष्ठते) । शल्यं च-अस्य न कृन्तन्ति) विद्धास्) तत्र सभासदः ॥

dharmo viddhas) tv adharmeṇa sabhāṃ yatra-upatiṣṭhate) | śalyaṃ ca-asya na kṛntanti) viddhās) tatra sabhāsadaḥ ||

But where justice, wounded by injustice, approaches and the judges do not extract the dart, there (they also) are wounded (by that dart of injustice).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सभां वा न प्रवेष्टव्यं) वक्तव्यं) वा समञ्जसम् । [म्सभा वा न प्रवेष्टव्या ] अब्रुवन्) विब्रुवन्) वा-अपि नरो भवति) किल्बिषी ॥

sabhāṃ vā na praveṣṭavyaṃ) vaktavyaṃ) vā samañjasam | [M.sabhā vā na praveṣṭavyā ] abruvan) vibruvan) vā-api naro bhavati) kilbiṣī ||

Either the court must not be entered, or the truth must be spoken; a man who either says nothing or speaks falsely, becomes sinful.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यत्र धर्मो ह्य् अधर्मेण सत्यं यत्र-अनृतेन च । हन्यते) प्रेक्षमाणानां हतास्) तत्र सभासदः ॥

yatra dharmo hy adharmeṇa satyaṃ yatra-anṛtena ca | hanyate) prekṣamāṇānāṃ hatās) tatra sabhāsadaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

धर्म एव हतो हन्ति) धर्मो रक्षति) रक्षितः । तस्माद् धर्मो न हन्तव्यो) मा नो धर्मो हतो ऽवधीत्) ॥ [म्वधीत्]

dharma eva hato hanti) dharmo rakṣati) rakṣitaḥ | tasmād dharmo na hantavyo) mā no dharmo hato 'vadhīt) || [M.vadhīt]

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

वृषो हि भगवान् धर्मस् तस्य यः कुरुते) ह्य् अलम् । [म्त्व् अलम्] वृषलं तं विदुर्) देवास् तस्माद् धर्मं न लोपयेत्) ॥

vṛṣo hi bhagavān dharmas tasya yaḥ kurute) hy alam | [M.tv alam] vṛṣalaṃ taṃ vidur) devās tasmād dharmaṃ na lopayet) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

एक एव सुहृद् धर्मो निधाने ऽअप्य् अनुयाति) यः । शरीरेण समं नाशं सर्वम् अन्यद्द् हि गच्छति) ॥

eka eva suhṛd dharmo nidhāne 'apy anuyāti) yaḥ | śarīreṇa samaṃ nāśaṃ sarvam anyadd hi gacchati) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

पादो ऽअधर्मस्य कर्तारं पादः साक्षिणम् ऋच्छति) । पादः सभासदः सर्वान् पादो राजानम् ऋच्छति) ॥

pādo 'adharmasya kartāraṃ pādaḥ sākṣiṇam ṛcchati) | pādaḥ sabhāsadaḥ sarvān pādo rājānam ṛcchati) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

राजा भवत्य्) अनेनास् तु मुच्यन्ते) च सभासदः । एनो गच्छति कर्तारं निन्दाअर्हो यत्र निन्द्यते) ॥

rājā bhavaty) an.enās tu mucyante) ca sabhāsadaḥ | eno gacchati kartāraṃ nindā.arho yatra nindyate) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

जातिमात्रौपजीवी वा कामं स्याद्) ब्राह्मणब्रुवः । धर्मप्रवक्ता नृपतेर् न शूद्रः कथं चन ॥

jātimātra.upajīvī vā kāmaṃ syād) brāhmaṇabruvaḥ | dharmapravaktā nṛpater na śūdraḥ kathaṃ cana ||

A Brāhmaṇa who subsists only by the name of his caste (^ati), or one who merely calls himself a Brāhmaṇa (though his origin be uncertain), may, at the king's pleasure, interpret the law to him, but never a 6udra.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यस्य शूद्रस् तु कुरुते) राज्ञो धर्मविवेचनम् । तस्य सीदति) तद् राष्ट्रं पङ्के गौर् इव पश्यतः) ॥

yasya śūdras tu kurute) rājño dharmavivecanam | tasya sīdati) tad rāṣṭraṃ paṅke gaur iva paśyataḥ) ||

The kingdom of that monarch, who looks on while a Śudra settles the law, will sink (low), like a cow in a morass.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यद् राष्ट्रं शूद्रभूयिष्ठं नास्तिकाक्रान्तम् अद्विजम् । विनश्यत्य्) आशु तत् कृत्स्नं दुर्भिक्षव्याधिपीडितम् ॥

yad rāṣṭraṃ śūdra.bhūyiṣṭhaṃ nāstikākrāntam a.dvijam | vinaśyaty) āśu tat kṛtsnaṃ durbhikṣa.vyādhipīḍitam ||

That kingdom where Śudras are very numerous, which is infested by atheists and destitute of twice-born (inhabitants), soon entirely perishes, afflicted by famine and disease.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

धर्मासनम् अधिष्ठाय) संवीतअङ्गः समाहितः । प्रणम्य) लोकपालेभ्यः कार्यदर्शनम् आरभेत्) ॥

dharmāsanam adhiṣṭhāya) saṃvīta.aṅgaḥ samāhitaḥ | praṇamya) lokapālebhyaḥ kāryadarśanam ārabhet) ||

Having occupied the seat of justice, having covered his body, and having worshipped the guardian deities of the world, let him, with a collected mind, begin the trial of causes.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अर्थअनर्थाव् उभौ बुद्ध्वा) धर्मअधर्मौ च केवलौ । वर्णक्रमेण सर्वाणि पश्येत्) कार्याणि कार्यिणाम् ॥

artha.anarthāv ubhau buddhvā) dharma.adharmau ca kevalau | varṇakrameṇa sarvāṇi paśyet) kāryāṇi kāryiṇām ||

Knowing what is expedient or inexpedient, what is pure justice or injustice, let him examine the causes of suitors according to the order of the castes (vama). act required by the sacred law'

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

बाह्यैर् विभावयेत्)-लिङ्गैर् भावम् अन्तर्गतं नृणाम् । स्वरवर्णैङ्गितआकारैश् चक्षुषा चेष्टितेन च ॥

bāhyair vibhāvayet)-liṅgair bhāvam antargataṃ nṛṇām | svara.varṇa.iṅgita.ākāraiś cakṣuṣā ceṣṭitena ca ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

आकारैर् इङ्गितैर् गत्या चेष्टया भाषितेन च । नेत्रवक्त्रविकारैश् च गृह्यते) ऽअन्तर्गतं मनः ॥

ākārair iṅgitair gatyā ceṣṭayā bhāṣitena ca | netra.vaktravikāraiś ca gṛhyate) 'antargataṃ manaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

बालदायआदिकं रिक्थं तावद् राजा-अनुपालयेत्) । यावत् स स्यात्) समावृत्तो यावत्-च-अतीतशैशवः ]॥ [म्यावद् वा-अतीतशैशवः]

bāladāya.ādikaṃ rikthaṃ tāvad rājā-anupālayet) | yāvat sa syāt) samāvṛtto yāvat-ca-atīta.śaiśavaḥ ]|| [M.yāvad vā-atīta.śaiśavaḥ]

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

वशाअपुत्रासु च-एवं स्याद्) रक्षणं निष्कुलासु च । पतिव्रतासु च स्त्रीषु विधवास्व् आतुरासु च ॥

vaśā.aputrāsu ca-evaṃ syād) rakṣaṇaṃ niṣ.kulāsu ca | pati.vratāsu ca strīṣu vidhavāsv āturāsu ca ||

In like manner care must be taken of barren^ women, of those who have no sons, of those whose family is extinct, of wives and widows faithful to their lords, and of women afflicted with diseases. pedient' by 'what will make them angry;'

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

जीवन्तीनां तु तासां ये तद्द् हरेयुः) स्वबान्धवाः । तान्-शिष्यात्)-चौरदण्डेन धार्मिकः पृथिवीपतिः ॥

jīvantīnāṃ tu tāsāṃ ye tadd hareyuḥ) svabāndhavāḥ | tān-śiṣyāt)-cauradaṇḍena dhārmikaḥ pṛthivīpatiḥ ||

A righteous king must punish like thieves those relatives who appropriate the property of such females during their lifetime.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

प्रणष्टस्वामिकं रिक्थं राजा त्र्यब्दं निधापयेत्) । अर्वाक् त्र्यब्दाद्द् हरेत्) स्वामी परेण नृपतिर् हरेत्) ॥

praṇaṣṭa.svāmikaṃ rikthaṃ rājā tryabdaṃ nidhāpayet) | arvāk tryabdādd haret) svāmī pareṇa nṛpatir haret) ||

Property, the owner of which has disappeared, the king shall cause to be kept as a deposit during three years; within the period of three years the owner may claim it, after (that term) the king may take it.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

मम-इदम् इति यो ब्रूयात्) सो ऽअनुयोज्यो) यथाविधि । संवाद्य) रूपसंख्यादीन् स्वामी तद् द्रव्यम् अर्हति) ॥

mama-idam iti yo brūyāt) so 'anuyojyo) yathāvidhi | saṃvādya) rūpa.saṃkhyādīn svāmī tad dravyam arhati) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

अवेदयानो) नष्टस्य देशं कालं च तत्त्वतः । वर्णं रूपं प्रमाणं च तत्समं दण्डम् अर्हति ॥

a.vedayāno) naṣṭasya deśaṃ kālaṃ ca tattvataḥ | varṇaṃ rūpaṃ pramāṇaṃ ca tatsamaṃ daṇḍam arhati ||

But if he does not really know the time and the place (where it was) lost, its colour, shape, and size, he is worthy of a fine equal (in value) to the (object claimed).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

आददीत)-अथ षड्भागं प्रनष्टअधिगतान् नृपः । दशमं द्वादशं वा-अपि सतां धर्मम् अनुस्मरन्) ॥

ādadīta)-atha ṣaḍbhāgaṃ pranaṣṭa.adhigatān nṛpaḥ | daśamaṃ dvādaśaṃ vā-api satāṃ dharmam anusmaran) ||

Now the king, remembering the duty of good men, may take one-sixth part of property lost and afterwards found, or one-tenth, or at least one-twelfth. of the king's protection are in every case that the relatives are either dead or unable to provide for the females or try to oppress them. 30-34.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

प्रनष्टअधिगतं द्रव्यं तिष्ठेद्) युक्तैर् अधिष्ठितम् । यांस् तत्र चौरान् गृह्णीयात्) तान् राजा-इभेन घातयेत्) ॥

pranaṣṭa.adhigataṃ dravyaṃ tiṣṭhed) yuktair adhiṣṭhitam | yāṃs tatra caurān gṛhṇīyāt) tān rājā-ibhena ghātayet) ||

Property lost and afterwards found (by the king's servants) shall remain in the keeping of (special) officials; those whom the king may convict of stealing it, he shall cause to be slain by an elephant.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

ममायम् इति यो ब्रूयान्) निधिं सत्येन मानवः । तस्याददीत) षड्भागं राजा द्वादशम् एव वा ॥

mamāyam iti yo brūyān) nidhiṃ satyena mānavaḥ | tasyādadīta) ṣaḍbhāgaṃ rājā dvādaśam eva vā ||

From that man who shall truly say with respect to treasure-trove,! This belongs to me/ the king may take one-sixth or one-twelfth part.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अनृतं तु वदन्) दण्ड्यः स्ववित्तस्य-अंशम् अष्टमम् । तस्य-एव वा निधानस्य संख्यया-अल्पीयसीं कलाम् ॥

anṛtaṃ tu vadan) daṇḍyaḥ svavittasya-aṃśam aṣṭamam | tasya-eva vā nidhānasya saṃkhyayā-alpīyasīṃ kalām ||

But he who falsely says (so), shall be fined in one-eighth of his property, or, a calculation of (the value of) the treasure having been made, in some smaller portion (of that).. When a learned Brahrna/za has found treasure, deposited in former (times), he may take even the whole (of it); for he is master of everything.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

विद्वांस् तु ब्राह्मणो दृष्ट्वा) पूर्वौपनिहितं निधिम् ।

vidvāṃs tu brāhmaṇo dṛṣṭvā) pūrva.upanihitaṃ nidhim |

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

अशेषतो ऽअप्य् आददीत) सर्वस्य-अधिपतिर् हि सः ॥ यं तु पश्येन्) निधिं राजा पुराणं निहितं क्षितौ । तस्माद् द्विजेभ्यो दत्त्वा)-अर्धम् अर्धं कोशे प्रवेशयेत्) ॥

aśeṣato 'apy ādadīta) sarvasya-adhipatir hi saḥ || yaṃ tu paśyen) nidhiṃ rājā purāṇaṃ nihitaṃ kṣitau | tasmād dvijebhyo dattvā)-ardham ardhaṃ kośe praveśayet) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

निधीनां तु पुराणानां धातूनाम् एव च क्षितौ । अर्धभाग् रक्षणाद् राजा भूमेर् अधिपतिर् हि सः ॥

nidhīnāṃ tu purāṇānāṃ dhātūnām eva ca kṣitau | ardhabhāg rakṣaṇād rājā bhūmer adhipatir hi saḥ ||

The king obtains one half of ancient hoards and metals (found) in the ground, by reason of

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

दातव्यं) सर्ववर्णेभ्यो राज्ञा चौरैर् हृतं धनम् । राजा तद् उपयुञ्जानश्) चौरस्य-आप्नोति) किल्बिषम् ॥

dātavyaṃ) sarvavarṇebhyo rājñā caurair hṛtaṃ dhanam | rājā tad upayuñjānaś) caurasya-āpnoti) kilbiṣam ||

Property stolen by thieves must be restored by the king to (men of) all castes (vama); a king who uses such (property) for himself incurs the oaiilt of a thief.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

जातिजानपदान् धर्मान् श्रेणीधर्मांश् च धर्मवित् । समीक्ष्य) कुलधर्मांश् च स्वधर्मं प्रतिपादयेत्) ॥

jāti.jānapadān dharmān śreṇīdharmāṃś ca dharmavit | samīkṣya) kuladharmāṃś ca svadharmaṃ pratipādayet) ||

(A king) who knows the sacred law, must inquire into the laws of castes (^ati), of districts, of guilds, and of families, and (thus) settle the peculiar law of each.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

स्वानि कर्माणि कुर्वाणा) दूरे सन्तो ऽअपि मानवाः । प्रिया भवन्ति) लोकस्य स्वे स्वे कर्मण्य् अवस्थिताः) ॥

svāni karmāṇi kurvāṇā) dūre santo 'api mānavāḥ | priyā bhavanti) lokasya sve sve karmaṇy avasthitāḥ) ||

For men who follow their particular occupations and abide by their particular duty, become dear to people, though they may live at a distance.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

न-उत्पादयेत्) स्वयं कार्यं राजा न-अप्य् अस्य पुरुषः । न च प्रापितम्) अन्येन ग्रसेद् अर्थं कथं चन ॥ [म्ग्रसेत)-अर्थं]

na-utpādayet) svayaṃ kāryaṃ rājā na-apy asya puruṣaḥ | na ca prāpitam) anyena grased arthaṃ kathaṃ cana || [M.graseta)-arthaṃ]

Neither the king nor any servant of his shall because he is the lord of the earth/ as a distinct recognition of the principle that the ownership of all land is vested in the king.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यथा नयत्य्) असृक्पातैर् मृगस्य मृगयुः पदम् । नयेत्) तथा-अनुमानेन धर्मस्य नृपतिः पदम् ॥

yathā nayaty) asṛkpātair mṛgasya mṛgayuḥ padam | nayet) tathā-anumānena dharmasya nṛpatiḥ padam ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सत्यम् अर्थं च संपश्येद्) आत्मानम् अथ साक्षिणः । [म्साक्षिणम्] देशं रूपं च कालं च व्यवहारविधौ स्थितः) ॥

satyam arthaṃ ca saṃpaśyed) ātmānam atha sākṣiṇaḥ | [M.sākṣiṇam] deśaṃ rūpaṃ ca kālaṃ ca vyavahāravidhau sthitaḥ) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सद्भिर् आचरितं) यत् स्याद्) धार्मिकैश् च द्विजातिभिः । तद् देशकुलजातीनाम् अविरुद्धं प्रकल्पयेत्) ॥

sadbhir ācaritaṃ) yat syād) dhārmikaiś ca dvijātibhiḥ | tad deśa.kula.jātīnām a.viruddhaṃ prakalpayet) ||

What may have been practised by the virtuous, by such twice-born men as are devoted to the law, that he shall establish as law, if it be not

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अधमर्णार्थसिद्ध्यर्थम् उत्तमर्णेन चोदितः । दापयेद्) धनिकस्य-अर्थम् अधमर्णाद् विभावितम् ॥

adhamarṇārthasiddhyartham uttamarṇena coditaḥ | dāpayed) dhanikasya-artham adhamarṇād vibhāvitam ||

When a creditor sues (before the king) for the recovery of money from a debtor, let him make the debtor pay the sum which the creditor proves (to be due).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यैर् यैर् उपायैर् अर्थं स्वं प्राप्नुयाद्) उत्तमर्णिकः । तैर् तैर् उपायैः संगृह्य) दापयेद्) अधमर्णिकम् ॥

yair yair upāyair arthaṃ svaṃ prāpnuyād) uttamarṇikaḥ | tair tair upāyaiḥ saṃgṛhya) dāpayed) adhamarṇikam ||

By whatever means a creditor may be able to obtain possession of his property, even by those means may he force the debtor and make him pay.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

धर्मेण व्यवहारेण छलेन-आचरितेन च । प्रयुक्तं साधयेद्) अर्थं पञ्चमेन बलेन च ॥

dharmeṇa vyavahāreṇa chalena-ācaritena ca | prayuktaṃ sādhayed) arthaṃ pañcamena balena ca ||

By moral suasion, by suit of law, by artful management, or by the customary proceeding, a creditor may recover property lent; and fifthly, by force.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यः स्वयं साधयेद्) अर्थम् उत्तमर्णो ऽअधमर्णिकात् । न स राज्ञा-अभियोक्तव्यः) स्वकं संसाधयन्) धनम् ॥

yaḥ svayaṃ sādhayed) artham uttamarṇo 'adhamarṇikāt | na sa rājñā-abhiyoktavyaḥ) svakaṃ saṃsādhayan) dhanam ||

A creditor who himself recovers his property from his debtor, must not be blamed by the king for retaking what is his own.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अर्थे ऽअपव्ययमानं) तु करणेन विभावितम्) । दापयेद्) धनिकस्य-अर्थं दण्डलेशं च शक्तितः ॥

arthe 'apavyayamānaṃ) tu karaṇena vibhāvitam) | dāpayed) dhanikasya-arthaṃ daṇḍaleśaṃ ca śaktitaḥ ||

But him who denies a debt which is proved by good evidence, he shall order to pay that debt twice-born men.... that he shall establish as law for countries, families, and. castes, if it is not opposed (to texts of the -Sruti and Smrz'ti).'

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अपह्नवे ऽअधमर्णस्य देहि)-इत्य् उक्तस्य) संसदि । अभियोक्ता दिशेद्) देश्यं करणं वा-अन्यद् उद्दिशेत्) ॥

apahnave 'adhamarṇasya dehi)-ity uktasya) saṃsadi | abhiyoktā diśed) deśyaṃ karaṇaṃ vā-anyad uddiśet) ||

On the denial (of a debt) by a debtor who has been required in court to pay it, the complainant must call (a witness) who was present (when the loan was made), or adduce other evidence.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अदेश्यं यश् च दिशति) निर्दिश्य)-अपह्नुते) च यः । यश् च-अधरौत्तरान् अर्थान् विगीतान् न-अवबुध्यते) ॥

adeśyaṃ yaś ca diśati) nirdiśya)-apahnute) ca yaḥ | yaś ca-adhara.uttarān arthān vigītān na-avabudhyate) ||

(The plaintiff) who calls a witness not present at the transaction, who retracts his statements, or does not perceive that his statements (are) confused or contradictory;

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अपदिश्य)-अपदेश्यं च पुनर् यस् त्व् अपधावति) । [मपदिश्य-अपदेशं] सम्यक् प्रणिहितं) च-अर्थं पृष्टः) सन् न-अभिनन्दति) ॥

apadiśya)-apadeśyaṃ ca punar yas tv apadhāvati) | [M.apadiśya-apadeśaṃ] samyak praṇihitaṃ) ca-arthaṃ pṛṣṭaḥ) san na-abhinandati) ||

Or who having stated what he means to prove afterwards varies (his case), or who being questioned on a fact duly stated by himself does not abide by it;

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

असंभाष्ये साक्षिभिश् च देशे संभाषते) मिथः । निरुच्यमानं प्रश्नं च न-इच्छेद्) यश् च-अपि निष्पतेत्) ॥

a.saṃbhāṣye sākṣibhiś ca deśe saṃbhāṣate) mithaḥ | nirucyamānaṃ praśnaṃ ca na-icched) yaś ca-api niṣpatet) ||

Or who converses with the witnesses in a place improper for such conversation; or who declines to answer a question, properly put, or leaves (the court);

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

ब्रूहि)-इत्य् उक्तश्) च न ब्रूयाद्) उक्तं च न विभावयेत्) । न च पूर्वअपरं विद्यात् तस्माद् अर्थात् स हीयते) ॥

brūhi)-ity uktaś) ca na brūyād) uktaṃ ca na vibhāvayet) | na ca pūrva.aparaṃ vidyāt tasmād arthāt sa hīyate) ||

Or who, being ordered to speak, does not answer, or does not prove what he has alleged; or who does not know what is the first (point), and what the second, fails in his suit.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

साक्षिणः सन्ति मेत्य् उक्त्वा) दिश)-इत्य् उक्तो दिशेन्) न यः । [म्ज्ञातारः सन्ति मेत्य्*] * मेत्य् < म इत्य् ? धर्मस्थः कारणैर् एतैर् हीनं तम् अपि निर्दिशेत् ]॥ [म्तम् इति निर्दिशेत्)

sākṣiṇaḥ santi mety uktvā) diśa)-ity ukto diśen) na yaḥ | [M.jñātāraḥ santi mety*] * mety < ma ity ? dharmasthaḥ kāraṇair etair hīnaṃ tam api nirdiśet ]|| [M.tam iti nirdiśet)

Him also who says ( I have witnesses/ and,

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अभियोक्ता न चेद् ब्रूयाद्) बध्यो दण्ड्यश् च धर्मतः । [म्बन्ध्यो दण्ड्यश् च] न चेत् त्रिपक्षात् प्रब्रूयाद्) धर्मं प्रति पराजितः) ॥

abhiyoktā na ced brūyād) badhyo daṇḍyaś ca dharmataḥ | [M.bandhyo daṇḍyaś ca] na cet tripakṣāt prabrūyād) dharmaṃ prati parājitaḥ) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

यो यावत्-निह्नुवीत)-अर्थं मिथ्या यावति वा वदेत्) । तौ नृपेण ह्य् अधर्मज्ञौ दाप्यो) तद्द्विगुणं दमम् ॥

yo yāvat-nihnuvīta)-arthaṃ mithyā yāvati vā vadet) | tau nṛpeṇa hy adharmajñau dāpyo) taddviguṇaṃ damam ||

In the double of that sum which (a defendant) falsely denies or on which (the plaintiff) falsely declares, shall those two (men) offending against justice be fined by the king.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

पृष्टो) ऽअपव्ययमानस्) तु कृतअवस्थो धनएषिणा । त्र्यवरैः साक्षिभिर् भाव्यो) नृपब्राह्मणसंनिधौ ॥

pṛṣṭo) 'apavyayamānas) tu kṛta.avastho dhana.eṣiṇā | tryavaraiḥ sākṣibhir bhāvyo) nṛpa.brāhmaṇasaṃnidhau ||

(A defendant) who, being brought (into court) by the creditor, (and) being questioned, denies (the debt), shall be convicted (of his falsehood) by at least three witnesses (who must depose) in the presence of the Brāhmaṇa (appointed by) the king.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यादृशा धनिभिः कार्या) व्यवहारेषु साक्षिणः । तादृशान् संप्रवक्ष्यामि) यथा वाच्यम् ऋतं च तैः ॥

yādṛśā dhanibhiḥ kāryā) vyavahāreṣu sākṣiṇaḥ | tādṛśān saṃpravakṣyāmi) yathā vācyam ṛtaṃ ca taiḥ ||

I will fully declare what kind of men may be made witnesses in suits by creditors, and in what manner those (witnesses) must give true (evidence).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

गृहिणः पुत्रिणो मौलाः क्षत्रविश्शूद्रयोनयः । अर्थ्युक्ताः साक्ष्यम् अर्हन्ति) न ये के चिद् अनापदि ॥

gṛhiṇaḥ putriṇo maulāḥ kṣatra.viś.śūdra.yonayaḥ | arthyuktāḥ sākṣyam arhanti) na ye ke cid anāpadi ||

Householders, men with male issue, and indigenous (inhabitants of the country, be they) Kshatriyas, Vaiiyas, or.5udras, are competent, when called by a suitor, to give evidence, not any persons whatever (their condition may be) except in cases of urgency.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

आप्ताः सर्वेषु वर्णेषु कार्याः कार्येषु साक्षिणः । सर्वधर्मविदो ऽअलुब्धा विपरीतांस् तु वर्जयेत्) ॥

āptāḥ sarveṣu varṇeṣu kāryāḥ kāryeṣu sākṣiṇaḥ | sarvadharmavido 'alubdhā viparītāṃs tu varjayet) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

न-अर्थसंबन्धिनो न-आप्ता न सहाया न वैरिणः । न दृष्टदोषाः कर्तव्या न व्याध्यार्ता न दूषिताः ॥

na-arthasaṃbandhino na-āptā na sahāyā na vairiṇaḥ | na dṛṣṭadoṣāḥ kartavyā na vyādhyārtā na dūṣitāḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

न साक्षी नृपतिः कार्यो न कारुककुशीलवौ । न श्रोत्रियो न लिङ्गस्थो न सङ्गेभ्यो विनिर्गतः ॥

na sākṣī nṛpatiḥ kāryo na kāruka.kuśīlavau | na śrotriyo na liṅgastho na saṅgebhyo vinirgataḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

न-अध्यधीनो न वक्तव्यो न दस्युर् न विकर्मकृत् । न वृद्धो न शिशुर् न-एको न-अन्त्यो न विकलैन्द्रियः ॥

na-adhyadhīno na vaktavyo na dasyur na vikarmakṛt | na vṛddho na śiśur na-eko na-antyo na vikala.indriyaḥ ||

Nor one wholly dependent, nor one of bad fame, nor a Dasyu, nor one who follows forbidden

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

न-आर्तो न मत्तो न-उन्मत्तो न क्षुत्तृष्णाउपपीडितः) । न श्रमार्तो न कामार्तो न क्रुद्धो न-अपि तस्करः ॥

na-ārto na matto na-unmatto na kṣut.tṛṣṇā.upapīḍitaḥ) | na śramārto na kāmārto na kruddho na-api taskaraḥ ||

Nor one extremely grieved, nor one intoxicated, nor a madman, nor one tormented by hunger or thirst, nor one oppressed by fatigue, nor one tormented by desire, nor a wrathful man, nor a thief.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

स्त्रीणां साक्ष्यं स्त्रियः कुर्युर्) द्विजानां सदृशा द्विजाः । शूद्राश् च सन्तः शूद्राणाम् अन्त्यानाम् अन्त्ययोनयः ॥

strīṇāṃ sākṣyaṃ striyaḥ kuryur) dvijānāṃ sadṛśā dvijāḥ | śūdrāś ca santaḥ śūdrāṇām antyānām antya.yonayaḥ ||

Women should give evidence for women, and for twice-born men twice-born men (of the) same (kind), virtuous Śūdras for,5udras, and men of the lowest castes for the lowest.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अनुभावी तु यः कश् चित् कुर्यात्) साक्ष्यं विवादिनाम् । अन्तर्वेश्मन्य् अरण्ये वा शरीरस्य-अपि च-अत्यये ॥

anubhāvī tu yaḥ kaś cit kuryāt) sākṣyaṃ vivādinām | antarveśmany araṇye vā śarīrasya-api ca-atyaye ||

But any person whatsoever, who has personal knowledge (of an act committed) in the interior apartments (of a house), or in a forest, or of (a crime causing) loss of life, may give evidence between the parties.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

स्त्रिया-अप्य् असंभावे कार्यं बालेन स्थविरेण वा । शिष्येण बन्धुना वा-अपि दासेन भृतकेन वा ॥

striyā-apy asaṃbhāve kāryaṃ bālena sthavireṇa vā | śiṣyeṇa bandhunā vā-api dāsena bhṛtakena vā ||

On failure (of qualified witnesses, evidence)

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

बालवृद्धआतुराणां च साक्ष्येषु वदतां) मृषा । जानीयाद्) अस्थिरां वाचम् उत्सिक्तमनसां तथा ॥

bāla.vṛddha.āturāṇāṃ ca sākṣyeṣu vadatāṃ) mṛṣā | jānīyād) asthirāṃ vācam utsikta.manasāṃ tathā ||

But the (judge) should consider the evidence of infants, aged and diseased men, who (are apt to) speak untruly, as untrustworthy, likewise that of men with disordered minds.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

साहसेषु च सर्वेषु स्तेयसंग्रहणेषु च । वाग्दण्डयोश् च पारुष्ये न परीक्षेत) साक्षिणः ॥

sāhaseṣu ca sarveṣu steya.saṃgrahaṇeṣu ca | vāg.daṇḍayoś ca pāruṣye na parīkṣeta) sākṣiṇaḥ ||

In all cases of violence, of theft and adultery, of defamation and assault, he must not examine the (competence of) witnesses (too strictly).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

बहुत्वं परिगृह्णीयात्) साक्षिद्वैधे नराधिपः । समेषु तु गुणौत्कृष्टान् गुणिद्वैधे द्विजोत्तमान् ॥

bahutvaṃ parigṛhṇīyāt) sākṣidvaidhe narādhipaḥ | sameṣu tu guṇa.utkṛṣṭān guṇidvaidhe dvijottamān ||

On a conflict of the witnesses the king shall accept (as true) the (evidence of the) majority; if (the conflicting parties are) equal in number, (that of) those distinguished by good qualities; on a difference between (equally) distinguished (witnesses, that of) the best among the twice-born.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

समक्षदर्शनात् साक्ष्यं श्रवणाच् च-एव सिध्यति) । तत्र सत्यं ब्रुवन्) साक्षी धर्मअर्थाभ्यां न हीयते) ॥

samakṣadarśanāt sākṣyaṃ śravaṇāc ca-eva sidhyati) | tatra satyaṃ bruvan) sākṣī dharma.arthābhyāṃ na hīyate) ||

Evidence in accordance with what has actually been seen or heard, is admissible; a witness who speaks truth in those (cases), neither loses spiritual merit nor wealth. ^-\ u.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

साक्षी दृष्टश्रुताद् अन्यद् विब्रुवन्न्) आर्यसंसदि । अवाङ् नरकम् अभ्येति) प्रेत्य) स्वर्गाच् च हीयते) ॥

sākṣī dṛṣṭa.śrutād anyad vibruvann) āryasaṃsadi | avāṅ narakam abhyeti) pretya) svargāc ca hīyate) ||

A witness who deposes in an assembly of! f. honourable men (Arya) anything else but what he has seen or heard, falls after death headlong into | hell and loses heaven.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यत्र-अनिबद्धो ऽअपीक्षेत) शृणुयाद्) वा-अपि किं चन । पृष्टस्) तत्र-अपि तद् ब्रूयाद्) यथादृष्टं यथाश्रुतम् ॥

yatra-anibaddho 'apīkṣeta) śṛṇuyād) vā-api kiṃ cana | pṛṣṭas) tatra-api tad brūyād) yathādṛṣṭaṃ yathāśrutam ||

When a man (originally) not appointed to be a witness sees or hears anything and is (afterwards) examined regarding it, he must declare it (exactly) as he saw or heard it. J J. One man who is free from covetousness may J_ be (accepted as) witness; but not even many pure ^PJ women, because the understanding of females ^js^ apt to waver, nor even many other men, who are tainted with sin.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

एको ऽअलुब्धस् तु साक्षी स्याद्) बह्व्यः शुच्यो ऽअपि न स्त्रियः । [म्। त्व् असाक्षी] स्त्रीबुद्धेर् अस्थिरत्वात् तु दोषैश् च-अन्ये ऽअपि ये वृताः) ॥

eko 'alubdhas tu sākṣī syād) bahvyaḥ śucyo 'api na striyaḥ | [M. tv asākṣī] strībuddher asthiratvāt tu doṣaiś ca-anye 'api ye vṛtāḥ) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

स्वभावेन-एव यद् ब्रूयुस्) तद् ग्राह्यं) व्यावहारिकम् । अतो यद् अन्यद् विब्रूयुर्) धर्मार्थं तद् अपार्थकम् ॥

svabhāvena-eva yad brūyus) tad grāhyaṃ) vyāvahārikam | ato yad anyad vibrūyur) dharmārthaṃ tad apārthakam ||

What witnesses declare quite naturally, that must be received on trials; (depositions) differing from that, which they make improperly, are worthless for (the purposes of) justice.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सभान्तः साक्षिणः प्राप्तान् अर्थिप्रत्यर्थिसंनिधौ । प्राड्विवाको ऽअनुयुञ्जीत) विधिना-अनेन सान्त्वयन्) ॥

sabhāntaḥ sākṣiṇaḥ prāptān arthi.pratyarthi.saṃnidhau | prāḍvivāko 'anuyuñjīta) vidhinā-anena sāntvayan) ||

The witnesses being assembled in the court in the presence of the plaintiff and of the defendant, let the judge examine them, kindly exhorting them in the following manner:

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यद् द्वयोर् अनयोर् वेत्थ) कार्ये ऽअस्मिंश् चेष्टितं मिथः । तद् ब्रूत) सर्वं सत्येन युष्माकं ह्य् अत्र साक्षिता ॥

yad dvayor anayor vettha) kārye 'asmiṃś ceṣṭitaṃ mithaḥ | tad brūta) sarvaṃ satyena yuṣmākaṃ hy atra sākṣitā ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सत्यं साक्ष्ये ब्रुवन्) साक्षी लोकान् आप्नोत्य्) पुष्कलान् । [माप्नोत्य्) अनिन्दितान्] इह च-अनुत्तमां कीर्तिं वाग् एषा ब्रह्मपूजिता ॥

satyaṃ sākṣye bruvan) sākṣī lokān āpnoty) puṣkalān | [M.āpnoty) aninditān] iha ca-an.uttamāṃ kīrtiṃ vāg eṣā brahmapūjitā ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

साक्ष्ये ऽअनृतं वदन्) पाशैर् बध्यते) वारुणैर् भृशम् । विवशः शतम् आजातीस् तस्मात् साक्ष्यं वदेद्) ऋतम् ॥

sākṣye 'anṛtaṃ vadan) pāśair badhyate) vāruṇair bhṛśam | vivaśaḥ śatam ājātīs tasmāt sākṣyaṃ vaded) ṛtam ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सत्येन पूयते) साक्षी धर्मः सत्येन वर्धते) । तस्मात् सत्यं हि वक्तव्यं सर्ववर्णेषु साक्षिभिः ॥

satyena pūyate) sākṣī dharmaḥ satyena vardhate) | tasmāt satyaṃ hi vaktavyaṃ sarvavarṇeṣu sākṣibhiḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

आत्मा-एव ह्य् आत्मनः साक्षी गतिर् आत्मा तथा-आत्मनः । मा-अवमंस्थाः) स्वम् आत्मानं नृणां साक्षिणम् उत्तमम् ॥

ātmā-eva hy ātmanaḥ sākṣī gatir ātmā tathā-ātmanaḥ | mā-avamaṃsthāḥ) svam ātmānaṃ nṛṇāṃ sākṣiṇam uttamam ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

मन्यन्ते) वै पापकृतो न कश् चित् पश्यति)-इति नः । तांस् तु देवाः प्रपश्यन्ति) स्वस्य-एव-अन्तरपूरुषः ॥

manyante) vai pāpakṛto na kaś cit paśyati)-iti naḥ | tāṃs tu devāḥ prapaśyanti) svasya-eva-antarapūruṣaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

द्यौर् भूमिर् आपो हृदयं चन्द्रअर्कअग्नियमअनिलाः । रात्रिः संध्ये च धर्मश् च वृत्तज्ञाः सर्वदेहिनाम् ॥

dyaur bhūmir āpo hṛdayaṃ candra.arka.agni.yama.anilāḥ | rātriḥ saṃdhye ca dharmaś ca vṛttajñāḥ sarvadehinām ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

देवब्राह्मणसांनिध्ये साक्ष्यं पृच्छेद्) ऋतं द्विजान् । उदङ्मुखान् प्राङ्मुखान् वा पूर्वाह्णे वै शुचिः शुचीन् ॥

deva.brāhmaṇasāṃnidhye sākṣyaṃ pṛcched) ṛtaṃ dvijān | udaṅ.mukhān prāṅ.mukhān vā pūrvāhṇe vai śuciḥ śucīn ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

ब्रूहि)-इति ब्राह्मणं पृच्छेत्) सत्यं ब्रूहि)-इति पार्थिवम् । गोबीजकाञ्चनैर् वैश्यं शूद्रं सर्वैस् तु पातकैः ॥

brūhi)-iti brāhmaṇaṃ pṛcchet) satyaṃ brūhi)-iti pārthivam | go.bīja.kāñcanair vaiśyaṃ śūdraṃ sarvais tu pātakaiḥ ||

Let him examine a Brāhmaṇa (beginning i with) ' Speak,' a Kshatriya (beginning with) ' Speak the truth,' a Vaisya (admonishing him) by (mentioning) his kine, grain, and gold, a Śudra (threatening

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

ब्रह्मघ्नो ये स्मृता लोका ये च स्त्रीबालघातिनः । मित्रद्रुहः कृतघ्नस्य ते ते स्युर्) ब्रुवतो) मृषा ॥

brahmaghno ye smṛtā lokā ye ca strī.bāla.ghātinaḥ | mitradruhaḥ kṛta.ghnasya te te syur) bruvato) mṛṣā ||

(Saying), 'Whatever places (of torment) are assigned (by the sages) to the slayer of a Brāhmaṇa, to the murderer of women and children, to him who betrays a friend, and to an ungrateful man, those shall be thy (portion), if thou speakest falsely.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

जन्मप्रभृति यत् किं चित् पुण्यं भद्र त्वया कृतम्) । तत् ते सर्वं शुनो गच्छेद्) यदि ब्रूयास्) त्वम् अन्यथा ॥

janmaprabhṛti yat kiṃ cit puṇyaṃ bhadra tvayā kṛtam) | tat te sarvaṃ śuno gacched) yadi brūyās) tvam anyathā ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

एको ऽअहम् अस्मि)-इत्य् आत्मानं यस् त्वं कल्याण मन्यसे) । नित्यं स्थितस्) ते हृद्य् एष पुण्यपापईक्षिता मुनिः ॥

eko 'aham asmi)-ity ātmānaṃ yas tvaṃ kalyāṇa manyase) | nityaṃ sthitas) te hṛdy eṣa puṇya.pāpa.īkṣitā muniḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

यमो वैवस्वतो देवो यस् तव-एष हृदि स्थितः) । तेन चेद् अविवादस् ते मा गङ्गां मा कुरून् गमः) ॥

yamo vaivasvato devo yas tava-eṣa hṛdi sthitaḥ) | tena ced avivādas te mā gaṅgāṃ mā kurūn gamaḥ) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

नग्नो मुण्डः कपालेन च भिक्षार्थी क्षुत्पिपासितः । [म्कपाली ] अन्धः शत्रुकुलं गच्छेद्) यः साक्ष्यम् अनृतं वदेत्) ॥

nagno muṇḍaḥ kapālena ca bhikṣārthī kṣut.pipāsitaḥ | [M.kapālī ] andhaḥ śatrukulaṃ gacched) yaḥ sākṣyam anṛtaṃ vadet) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

अवाक्शिरास् तमस्य् अन्धे किल्बिषी नरकं व्रजेत्) । यः प्रश्नं वितथं ब्रूयात्) पृष्टः सन्) धर्मनिश्चये ॥

avāk.śirās tamasy andhe kilbiṣī narakaṃ vrajet) | yaḥ praśnaṃ vitathaṃ brūyāt) pṛṣṭaḥ san) dharmaniścaye ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

अन्धो मत्स्यान् इव-अश्नाति) स नरः कण्टकैः सह । यो भाषते) ऽअर्थवैकल्यम् अप्रत्यक्षं सभां गतः) ॥

andho matsyān iva-aśnāti) sa naraḥ kaṇṭakaiḥ saha | yo bhāṣate) 'arthavaikalyam a.pratyakṣaṃ sabhāṃ gataḥ) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

यस्य विद्वान् हि वदतः) क्षेत्रज्ञो न-अभिशङ्कते ]। [म्न-अतिशङ्कते) तस्मान् न देवाः श्रेयांसं लोके ऽअन्यं पुरुषं विदुः) ॥

yasya vidvān hi vadataḥ) kṣetrajño na-abhiśaṅkate ]| [M.na-atiśaṅkate) tasmān na devāḥ śreyāṃsaṃ loke 'anyaṃ puruṣaṃ viduḥ) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

यावतो बान्धवान् यस्मिन् हन्ति) साक्ष्ये ऽअनृतं वदन्) । तावतः संख्यया तस्मिन् शृणु) सौम्य-अनुपूर्वशः ॥

yāvato bāndhavān yasmin hanti) sākṣye 'anṛtaṃ vadan) | tāvataḥ saṃkhyayā tasmin śṛṇu) saumya-anupūrvaśaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

पञ्च पशुअनृते हन्ति) दश हन्ति) गवानृते । शतम् अश्वानृते हन्ति) सहस्रं पुरुषानृते ॥

pañca paśu.anṛte hanti) daśa hanti) gavānṛte | śatam aśvānṛte hanti) sahasraṃ puruṣānṛte ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

हन्ति) जातान् अजातांश् च हिरण्यार्थे ऽअनृतं वदन्) । सर्वं भूमिअनृते हन्ति) मा स्म भूमिअनृतं वदीः) ॥

hanti) jātān ajātāṃś ca hiraṇyārthe 'anṛtaṃ vadan) | sarvaṃ bhūmi.anṛte hanti) mā sma bhūmi.anṛtaṃ vadīḥ) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

अप्सु भूमिवद् इत्य् आहुः) स्त्रीणां भोगे च मैथुने । अब्जेषु च-एव रत्नेषु सर्वेष्व् अश्ममयेषु च ॥

apsu bhūmivad ity āhuḥ) strīṇāṃ bhoge ca maithune | abjeṣu ca-eva ratneṣu sarveṣv aśmamayeṣu ca ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

एतान् दोषान् अवेक्ष्य) त्वं सर्वान् अनृतभाषणे । यथाश्रुतं यथादृष्टं सर्वम् एव-अञ्जसा वद) ॥

etān doṣān avekṣya) tvaṃ sarvān anṛtabhāṣaṇe | yathāśrutaṃ yathādṛṣṭaṃ sarvam eva-añjasā vada) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

गोरक्षकान् वाणिजिकांस् तथा कारुकुशीलवान् । [म्वाणिजकांस्] प्रेष्यान् वार्धुषिकांश् च-एव विप्रान् शूद्रवद् आचरेत्) ॥

gorakṣakān vāṇijikāṃs tathā kāru.kuśīlavān | [M.vāṇijakāṃs] preṣyān vārdhuṣikāṃś ca-eva viprān śūdravad ācaret) ||

Brāhmaṇas who tend cattle, who trade, who are mechanics, actors (or singers), menial servants or usurers, the (judge) shall treat like 6udras.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

तद् वदन् धर्मतो ऽअर्थेषु जानन्न्) अप्य् अन्य्था नरः । न स्वर्गाच् च्यवते) लोकाद् दैवीं वाचं वदन्ति) ताम् ॥

tad vadan dharmato 'artheṣu jānann) apy anythā naraḥ | na svargāc cyavate) lokād daivīṃ vācaṃ vadanti) tām ||

In (some) cases a man who, though knowing (the facts to be) different, gives such (false evidence) from a pious motive, does not lose heaven; such (evidence) they call the speech of the gods.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

शूद्रविश्क्षत्रविप्राणां यत्र-ऋतौक्तौ भवेद्) वधः । तत्र वक्तव्यम् अनृतं तद्द् हि सत्याद् विशिष्यते) ॥

śūdra.viś.kṣatra.viprāṇāṃ yatra-ṛta.uktau bhaved) vadhaḥ | tatra vaktavyam anṛtaṃ tadd hi satyād viśiṣyate) ||

Whenever the death of a 6udra, of a Vaisya, of a Kshatriya, or of a Brāhmaṇa would be (caused) by a declaration of the truth, a falsehood may be spoken; for such (falsehood) is preferable to the truth.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वाच्दैवत्यैश् च चरुभिर् यजेरंस्) ते सरस्वतीम् । अनृतस्य-एनसस् तस्य कुर्वाणा) निष्कृतिं पराम् ॥

vāc.daivatyaiś ca carubhir yajeraṃs) te sarasvatīm | anṛtasya-enasas tasya kurvāṇā) niṣkṛtiṃ parām ||

Such (witnesses) must offer to Sarasvati oblations of boiled rice (/&aru) which are sacred to the goddess of speech, (thus) performing the best penance in order to expiate the guilt of that falsehood.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

कूष्माण्डैर् वा-अपि जुहुयाद्) घृतम् अग्नौ यथाविधि । [ट्अ१०।३-५; व्ष्२०।१४] उद् इत्य् ऋचा वा वारुण्या तृचेन-अप्दैवतेन वा ॥ [ऋष्१।२४।१५; १०।९।१-३; व्ष्१२।२;व्ष्१२।५०]

kūṣmāṇḍair vā-api juhuyād) ghṛtam agnau yathāvidhi | [ṭA10.3-5; Vṣ20.14] ud ity ṛcā vā vāruṇyā tṛcena-ap.daivatena vā || [ṛṣ1.24.15; 10.9.1-3; Vṣ12.2;Vṣ12.50]

The Kushmarc^a texts are found Taitt. Ar. X, 3-5; the verse addressed to Varuṇa, Rig-vedal,,; and the three verses addressed to the Waters, Rig-veda X,, 1-3.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

त्रिपक्षाद् अब्रुवन् साक्ष्यम् ऋणादिषु नरो ऽअगदः । तदृणं प्राप्नुयात्) सर्वं दशबन्धं च सर्वतः ॥

tripakṣād abruvan sākṣyam ṛṇādiṣu naro 'a.gadaḥ | tadṛṇaṃ prāpnuyāt) sarvaṃ daśabandhaṃ ca sarvataḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

यस्य दृश्येत) सप्ताहाद् उक्तवाक्यस्य साक्षिणः । रोगो ऽअग्निर् ज्ञातिमरणम् ऋणं दाप्यो) दमं च सः ॥

yasya dṛśyeta) saptāhād ukta.vākyasya sākṣiṇaḥ | rogo 'agnir jñātimaraṇam ṛṇaṃ dāpyo) damaṃ ca saḥ ||

The witness to whom, within seven days after he has given evidence, happens (a misfortune through) sickness, a fire, or the death of a relative, shall be made to pay the debt and a fine.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

असाक्षिकेषु त्व् अर्थेषु मिथो विवादमानयोः) । अविन्दंस्) तत्त्वतः सत्यं शपथेन-अपि लम्भयेत्) ॥

asākṣikeṣu tv artheṣu mitho vivādamānayoḥ) | avindaṃs) tattvataḥ satyaṃ śapathena-api lambhayet) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

महर्षिभिश् च देवैश् च कार्यार्थं शपथाः कृताः) । वसिष्ठश् च-अपि शपथं शेपे) पैजवने नृपे ॥

maharṣibhiś ca devaiś ca kāryārthaṃ śapathāḥ kṛtāḥ) | vasiṣṭhaś ca-api śapathaṃ śepe) paijavane nṛpe ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

न वृथा शपथं कुर्यात्) स्वल्पे ऽअप्य् अर्थे नरो बुधः । वृथा हि शपथं कुर्वन्) प्रेत्य च-इह च नश्यति) ।

na vṛthā śapathaṃ kuryāt) svalpe 'apy arthe naro budhaḥ | vṛthā hi śapathaṃ kurvan) pretya ca-iha ca naśyati) |

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

कामिनीषु विवाहेषु गवां भक्ष्ये तथा-इन्धने । ब्राह्मणअभ्युपपत्तौ च शपथे न-अस्ति) पातकम् ॥

kāminīṣu vivāheṣu gavāṃ bhakṣye tathā-indhane | brāhmaṇa.abhyupapattau ca śapathe na-asti) pātakam ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सत्येन शापयेद्) विप्रं क्षत्रियं वाहनआयुधैः । गोबीजकाञ्चनैर् वैश्यं शूद्रं सर्वैस् तु पातकैः ॥

satyena śāpayed) vipraṃ kṣatriyaṃ vāhana.āyudhaiḥ | go.bīja.kāñcanair vaiśyaṃ śūdraṃ sarvais tu pātakaiḥ ||

Let the (judge) cause a Brāhmaṇa to swear by his veracity, a Kshatriya by his chariot or the animal he rides on and by his weapons, a Vaisya by his kine, grain, and gold, and a Śudra by (imprecating on his own head the guilt) of all grievous offences (pataka).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अग्निं वा-आहारयेद्) एनम् अप्सु च-एनं निमज्जयेत्) । पुत्रदारस्य वा-अप्य् एनं शिरांसि स्पर्शयेत्) पृथक् ॥

agniṃ vā-āhārayed) enam apsu ca-enaṃ nimajjayet) | putra.dārasya vā-apy enaṃ śirāṃsi sparśayet) pṛthak ||

Or the (judge) may cause the (party) to carry fire or to dive under water, or severally to touch the heads of his wives and children.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यम् इद्धो) न दहत्य्) अग्निर् आपो न-उन्मज्जयन्ति) च । न च-आर्तिम् ऋच्छति) क्षिप्रं स ज्ञेयः) शपथे शुचिः ॥

yam iddho) na dahaty) agnir āpo na-unmajjayanti) ca | na ca-ārtim ṛcchati) kṣipraṃ sa jñeyaḥ) śapathe śuciḥ ||

He whom the blazing fire burns not, whom the water forces not to come (quickly) up, who meets with no speedy misfortune, must be held innocent on (the'strength of) his oath.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वत्सस्य ह्य् अभिशस्तस्य) पुरा भ्रात्रा यवीयसा । न-अग्निर् ददाह) रोम-अपि सत्येन जगतः स्पशः ॥

vatsasya hy abhiśastasya) purā bhrātrā yavīyasā | na-agnir dadāha) roma-api satyena jagataḥ spaśaḥ ||

For formerly when Vatsa was accused by his younger brother, the fire, the spy of the world, burned not even a hair (of his) by reason of his veracity.. Whenever false evidence has been given in any suit, let the (judge) reverse the judgment, and whatever has been done must be (considered as) undone. oblation'

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यस्मिन् यस्मिन् विवादे तु कौटसाक्ष्यं कृतं भवेत्) । तत् तत् कार्यं निवर्तेत) कृतं च-अप्य् अकृतं भवेत्) ॥

yasmin yasmin vivāde tu kauṭasākṣyaṃ kṛtaṃ bhavet) | tat tat kāryaṃ nivarteta) kṛtaṃ ca-apy akṛtaṃ bhavet) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

लोभात्-मोहाद् भयात्-मैत्रात् कामात् क्रोधात् तथा-एव च । अज्ञानाद् बालभावात्-च साक्ष्यं वितथम् उच्यते) ।

lobhāt-mohād bhayāt-maitrāt kāmāt krodhāt tathā-eva ca | ajñānād bālabhāvāt-ca sākṣyaṃ vitatham ucyate) |

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

एषाम् अन्यतमे स्थाने यः साक्ष्यम् अनृतं वदेत्) । तस्य दण्डविशेषांस् तु प्रवक्ष्याम्य्) अनुपूर्वशः ॥

eṣām anyatame sthāne yaḥ sākṣyam anṛtaṃ vadet) | tasya daṇḍaviśeṣāṃs tu pravakṣyāmy) anupūrvaśaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

लोभात् सहस्रं दण्ड्यस् तु मोहात् पूर्वं तु साहसम् । भयाद् द्वौ मध्यमौ दण्डौ मैत्रात् पूर्वं चतुर्गुणम् ॥

lobhāt sahasraṃ daṇḍyas tu mohāt pūrvaṃ tu sāhasam | bhayād dvau madhyamau daṇḍau maitrāt pūrvaṃ caturguṇam ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.