Library·Manu-Smrti·10

Manu-Smrti 10

अधीयीरंस्) त्रयो वर्णाः स्वकर्मस्था द्विजातयः । प्रब्रूयाद्) ब्राह्मणस् त्व् एषां न-इतराव् इति निश्चयः ॥

adhīyīraṃs) trayo varṇāḥ svakarmasthā dvijātayaḥ | prabrūyād) brāhmaṇas tv eṣāṃ na-itarāv iti niścayaḥ ||

Let the three twice-born castes (varṇa), discharging their (prescribed) duties, study (the Veda); but among them the Brāhmaṇa (alone) shall teach it, not the other two; that is an established rule.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सर्वेषां ब्राह्मणो विद्याद्) वृत्त्युपायान् यथाविधि । प्रब्रूयाद्) इतरेभ्यश् च स्वयं च-एव तथा भवेत्) ॥

sarveṣāṃ brāhmaṇo vidyād) vṛttyupāyān yathāvidhi | prabrūyād) itarebhyaś ca svayaṃ ca-eva tathā bhavet) ||

The Brāhmaṇa must know the means of subsistence (prescribed) by law for all, instruct the others, and himself live according to (the law).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वैशेष्यात् प्रकृतिश्रैष्ठ्यात्- नियमस्य च धारणात् । संस्कारस्य विशेषाच् च वर्णानां ब्राह्मणः प्रभुः ॥

vaiśeṣyāt prakṛtiśraiṣṭhyāt- niyamasya ca dhāraṇāt | saṃskārasya viśeṣāc ca varṇānāṃ brāhmaṇaḥ prabhuḥ ||

On account of his pre-eminence, on account of the superiority of his origin, on account of his observance of (particular) restrictive rules, and on account of his particular sanctification the Brahma»a is the lord of (all) castes (varṇa).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

ब्राह्मणः क्षत्रियो वैश्यस् त्रयो वर्णा द्विजातयः । चतुर्थ एकजातिस् तु शूद्रो न-अस्ति) तु पञ्चमः ॥

brāhmaṇaḥ kṣatriyo vaiśyas trayo varṇā dvijātayaḥ | caturtha ekajātis tu śūdro na-asti) tu pañcamaḥ ||

The Brahma;za, the Kshatriya, and the Vai-sya castes (varṇa) are the twice-born ones, but the fourth, the Śttdra, has one birth only; there is no fifth (caste).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सर्ववर्णेषु तुल्यासु पत्नीष्व् अक्षतयोनिषु । आनुलोम्येन संभूता जात्या ज्ञेयास्) त एव ते ॥

sarvavarṇeṣu tulyāsu patnīṣv akṣata.yoniṣu | ānulomyena saṃbhūtā jātyā jñeyās) ta eva te ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

स्त्रीष्व् अनन्तरजातासु द्विजैर् उत्पादितान्) सुतान् । सदृशान् एव तान् आहुर्) मातृदोषविगर्हितान् ॥

strīṣv anantarajātāsu dvijair utpāditān) sutān | sadṛśān eva tān āhur) mātṛdoṣavigarhitān ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

अनन्तरासु जातानां विधिर् एष सनातनः । द्विएकान्तरासु जातानां धर्म्यं विद्याद् इमं विधिम् ॥

anantarāsu jātānāṃ vidhir eṣa sanātanaḥ | dvi.ekāntarāsu jātānāṃ dharmyaṃ vidyād imaṃ vidhim ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

ब्राह्मणाद् वैश्यकन्यायाम् अम्बष्ठो नाम जायते) । निषादः शूद्रकन्यायां यः पारशव उच्यते) ॥

brāhmaṇād vaiśyakanyāyām ambaṣṭho nāma jāyate) | niṣādaḥ śūdrakanyāyāṃ yaḥ pāraśava ucyate) ||

From a Brāhmaṇa with th« daughter of a Vaiśya is born (a son) called an Ambash^a, with the daughter of a.5udra a Nishada, who is also called a Para^ava. in each case the bridegroom must be older than the wife. He adds, Hence it has been declared that the son of a woman who is older than (her husband) is not a Brahmawa, though she may have been legally married, and may be of the same caste (as her husband).' The commentators are at great pains to prove that subsidiary sons, such as Saho^as, Kaninas, and so forth, and all offspring of illicit unions are outcasts.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

क्षत्रियात्- शूद्रकन्यायां क्रूराचारविहारवान् । क्षत्रशूद्रवपुर् जन्तुर् उग्रो नाम प्रजायते) ॥

kṣatriyāt- śūdrakanyāyāṃ krūrācāravihāravān | kṣatra.śūdra.vapur jantur ugro nāma prajāyate) ||

From a Kshatriya and the daughter of a 6udra springs a being, called Ugra, resembling both a Kshatriya and a 6udra, ferocious in his manners, and delighting in cruelty.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

विप्रस्य त्रिषु वर्णेषु नृपतेर् वर्णयोर् द्वयोः । वैश्यस्य वर्णे च-एकस्मिन् षड् एते ऽअपसदाः स्मृताः ॥

viprasya triṣu varṇeṣu nṛpater varṇayor dvayoḥ | vaiśyasya varṇe ca-ekasmin ṣaḍ ete 'apasadāḥ smṛtāḥ ||

Children of a Brāhmaṇa by (women of) the three (lower) castes, of a Kshatriya by (wives of) the two (lower) castes, and of a Vaiiya by (a wife of) the one caste (below him) are all six called base-born (apasada).. From a Kshatriya by the daughter of a Brāhmaṇa is born (a son called) according to his caste (^-ati) a Suta; from a Vaisya by females of the royal and the Brāhmaṇa (castes) spring a Magadha and a Vaideha.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

क्षत्रियाद् विप्रकन्यायां सूतो भवति) जातितः । वैश्यान् मागधवैदेहौ राजविप्रअङ्गनासुतौ ॥

kṣatriyād viprakanyāyāṃ sūto bhavati) jātitaḥ | vaiśyān māgadha.vaidehau rāja.vipra.aṅganāsutau ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

शूद्राद् आयोगवः क्षत्ता चण्डालश् च-अधमो नृणाम् । वैश्यराजन्यविप्रासु जायन्ते) वर्णसंकराः ॥

śūdrād āyogavaḥ kṣattā caṇḍālaś ca-adhamo nṛṇām | vaiśya.rājanya.viprāsu jāyante) varṇasaṃkarāḥ ||

From a Śudra are born an Ayogava, a Kshattrz, and a ATa^ala, the lowest of men, by Vaisya, Kshatriya, and Brāhmaṇa females, (sons who owe their origin to) a confusion of the castes.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

एकान्तरे त्व् आनुलोम्याद् अम्बष्ठौग्रौ यथा स्मृतौ । क्षत्तृवैदेहकौ तद्वत् प्रातिलोम्ये ऽअपि जन्मनि ॥

ekāntare tv ānulomyād ambaṣṭha.ugrau yathā smṛtau | kṣattṛ.vaidehakau tadvat prātilomye 'api janmani ||

As an AmbashMa and an Ugra, (begotten) in the direct order on (women) one degree lower (than their husbands) are declared (to be), even so are a Kshattrz and a Vaidehaka, though they were born in the inverse order of the castes (from mothers one degree higher than the fathers).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

पुत्रा ये ऽअनन्तरस्त्रीजाः क्रमेण-उक्ता) द्विजन्मनाम् । तान् अनन्तरनाम्नस् तु मातृदोषात् प्रचक्षते) ॥

putrā ye 'anantarastrījāḥ krameṇa-uktā) dvijanmanām | tān anantara.nāmnas tu mātṛdoṣāt pracakṣate) ||

Those sons of the twice-born, begotten on wives of the next lower castes, who have been enumerated in due order, they call by the name

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

ब्राह्मणाद् उग्रकन्यायाम् आवृतो नाम जायते) । आभीरो ऽअम्बष्ठकन्यायाम् आयोगव्यां तु धिग्वणः ॥

brāhmaṇād ugrakanyāyām āvṛto nāma jāyate) | ābhīro 'ambaṣṭhakanyāyām āyogavyāṃ tu dhigvaṇaḥ ||

A Brāhmaṇa begets on the daughter of an Ugra an Avrzta, on the daughter of an Ambash/^a an Abhira, but on a female of the Ayogava (caste) a Dhigva;za.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

आयोगवश् च क्षत्ता च चण्डालश् च-अधमो नृणाम् । प्रातिलोम्येन जायन्ते) शूद्राद् अपसदास् त्रयः ॥

āyogavaś ca kṣattā ca caṇḍālaś ca-adhamo nṛṇām | prātilomyena jāyante) śūdrād apasadās trayaḥ ||

From a 6udra spring in the inverse order (by females of the higher castes) three base-born (sons, apasada), an Ayogava, a Kshattrz, and a Kandala, the lowest of men;. From a Vaiiya are born in the inverse order of the castes a Magadha and a Vaideha, but from a Kshatriya a Suta only; these are three other baseborn ones (apasada).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वैश्यान् मागधवैदेहौ क्षत्रियात् सूत एव तु । प्रतीपम् एते जायन्ते) परे ऽअप्य् अपसदास् त्रयः ॥

vaiśyān māgadha.vaidehau kṣatriyāt sūta eva tu | pratīpam ete jāyante) pare 'apy apasadās trayaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

जातो निषादात्-शूद्रायां जात्या भवति) पुक्कसः । शूद्राज् जातो निषाद्यां तु स वै कुक्कुटकः स्मृतः ॥

jāto niṣādāt-śūdrāyāṃ jātyā bhavati) pukkasaḥ | śūdrāj jāto niṣādyāṃ tu sa vai kukkuṭakaḥ smṛtaḥ ||

The son of a Nishada by a Śudra female becomes a Pukkasa by caste (^ati), but the son of a.5udra by a Nishada female is declared to be a Kukku/aka.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

क्षत्तुर् जातस् तथा-उग्रायां श्वपाक इति कीर्त्यते) । वैदेहकेन त्व् अम्बष्ठ्याम् उत्पन्नो वेण उच्यते) ॥

kṣattur jātas tathā-ugrāyāṃ śvapāka iti kīrtyate) | vaidehakena tv ambaṣṭhyām utpanno veṇa ucyate) ||

Moreover, the son of a Kshattrz by an Ugra female is called a Śvapaka; but one begotten by a Vaidehaka on an Ambash//£a female is named a Vezza.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

द्विजातयः सवर्णासु जनयन्त्य्) अव्रतांस् तु यान् । तान् सावित्रीपरिभ्रष्टान् व्रात्यान् इति विनिर्दिशेत्) ॥

dvijātayaḥ savarṇāsu janayanty) a.vratāṃs tu yān | tān sāvitrīparibhraṣṭān vrātyān iti vinirdiśet) ||

Those (sons) whom the twice-born beget on wives of equal caste, but who, not fulfilling their mothers' caste and receive the sacraments according to the law prescribed for the mothers' caste

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

व्रात्यात् तु जायते) विप्रात् पापआत्मा भूर्जकण्टकः। [म्भृज्जकण्टकः ] आवन्त्यवाटधानौ च पुष्पधः शैख एव च ॥

vrātyāt tu jāyate) viprāt pāpa.ātmā bhūrjakaṇṭakaḥ| [M.bhṛjjakaṇṭakaḥ ] āvantya.vāṭadhānau ca puṣpadhaḥ śaikha eva ca ||

But from a Vratya (of the) Brāhmaṇa (caste) spring the wicked Bhriggakantaka, the Avantya, the Va^adhana, the Pushpadha, and the Śaikha.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

झल्लो मल्लश् च राजन्याद् व्रात्यात्-निच्छिविर् एव च । [म्व्रात्यात्-लिच्छविर् एव च] नटश् च करणश् च-एव खसो द्रविड एव च ॥

jhallo mallaś ca rājanyād vrātyāt-nicchivir eva ca | [M.vrātyāt-licchavir eva ca] naṭaś ca karaṇaś ca-eva khaso draviḍa eva ca ||

From a Vratya (of the) Kshatriya (caste), the Oalla, the Malla, the Li/£/£/£ivi,the Na/a, the Kara/za, the Khasa, and the Dravi^a. tu yan

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वैश्यात् तु जायते) व्रात्यात् सुधन्वा-आचार्य एव च । कारुषश् च विजन्मा च मैत्रः सात्वत एव च ॥

vaiśyāt tu jāyate) vrātyāt sudhanvā-ācārya eva ca | kāruṣaś ca vijanmā ca maitraḥ sātvata eva ca ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

व्यभिचारेण वर्णानाम् अवेद्यावेदनेन च । स्वकर्मणां च त्यागेन जायन्ते) वर्णसंकराः ॥

vyabhicāreṇa varṇānām avedyāvedanena ca | svakarmaṇāṃ ca tyāgena jāyante) varṇasaṃkarāḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

संकीर्णयोनयो ये तु प्रतिलोमअनुलोमजाः । अन्योन्यव्यतिषक्ताश् च तान् प्रवक्ष्याम्य्) अशेषतः ॥

saṃkīrṇa.yonayo ye tu pratiloma.anuloma.jāḥ | anyonyavyatiṣaktāś ca tān pravakṣyāmy) aśeṣataḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सूतो वैदेहकश् च-एव चण्डालश् च नराधमः । मागधः तथा-आयोगव एव च क्षत्रजातिश् च ॥ [म्क्षत्तृजातिश् च]

sūto vaidehakaś ca-eva caṇḍālaś ca narādhamaḥ | māgadhaḥ tathā-āyogava eva ca kṣatrajātiś ca || [M.kṣattṛjātiś ca]

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

एते षट् सदृशान् वर्णाञ् जनयन्ति) स्वयोनिषु । मातृजात्यां प्रसूयन्ते) प्रवारासु च योनिषु ॥ [म्मातृजात्याः ]

ete ṣaṭ sadṛśān varṇāñ janayanti) svayoniṣu | mātṛjātyāṃ prasūyante) pravārāsu ca yoniṣu || [M.mātṛjātyāḥ ]

These six (Pratilomas) beget similar races (varṇa) on women of their own (caste), they (also) produce (the like) with females of their mothers caste (^ati), and with females (of) higher ones. the Khasas and Dravu/as are water-carriers and distributors of waters at drinking fountains.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यथा त्रयाणां वर्णानां द्वयोर् आत्मा-अस्य जायते) । आनन्तर्यात् स्वयोन्यां तु तथा बाह्येष्व् अपि क्रमात् ॥ [म्क्रमः]

yathā trayāṇāṃ varṇānāṃ dvayor ātmā-asya jāyate) | ānantaryāt svayonyāṃ tu tathā bāhyeṣv api kramāt || [M.kramaḥ]

As a (Brāhmaṇa) begets on (females of) two out of the three (twice-born castes a son similar to) himself, (but inferior) on account of the lower degree (of the mother), and (one equal to himself) on a female of his own race, even so is the order in the case of the excluded (races, vahya).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

ते च-अपि बाह्यान् सुबहूंस् ततो ऽअप्य् अधिकदूषितान् । परस्परस्य दारेषु जनयन्ति) विगर्हितान् ॥

te ca-api bāhyān subahūṃs tato 'apy adhikadūṣitān | parasparasya dāreṣu janayanti) vigarhitān ||

Those (six mentioned above) also beget, the one on the females of the other, a great many (kinds of) despicable (sons), even more sinful than their (fathers), and excluded (from the Aryan community, vahya).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यथा-एव शूद्रो ब्राह्मण्यां बाह्यं जन्तुं प्रसूयते) । तथा बाह्यतरं बाह्यश् चातुर्वर्ण्ये प्रसूयते) ॥

yathā-eva śūdro brāhmaṇyāṃ bāhyaṃ jantuṃ prasūyate) | tathā bāhyataraṃ bāhyaś cāturvarṇye prasūyate) ||

Just as a Śftdra begets on a Brāhmaṇa female a being excluded (from the Aryan community), even so (a person himself) excluded prolikewise refers the line to the Anulomas. 'But (the Anulomas) beget similar sons on females of their mothers' and of their own castes/

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

प्रतिकूलं वर्तमाना) बाह्या बाह्यतरान् पुनः । हीना हीनान् प्रसूयन्ते) वर्णान् पञ्चदश-एव तु ॥

pratikūlaṃ vartamānā) bāhyā bāhyatarān punaḥ | hīnā hīnān prasūyante) varṇān pañcadaśa-eva tu ||

But men excluded (by the Aryans, vahya), who approach females of higher rank, beget races (varṇa) still more worthy to be excluded, low men (hina) still lower races, even fifteen (in number).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

प्रसाधनौपचारज्ञम् अदासं दासजीवनम् । [म्दास्यजीविनम् ] सैरिन्ध्रं वागुरावृत्तिं सूते) दस्युर् अयोगवे ॥ [म्। सैरन्ध्रं ]

prasādhana.upacārajñam adāsaṃ dāsajīvanam | [M.dāsyajīvinam ] sairindhraṃ vāgurā.vṛttiṃ sūte) dasyur ayogave || [M. sairandhraṃ ]

A Dasyu begets on an Ayogava (woman) a Sairandhra, who is skilled in adorning and attending (his master), who, (though) not a slave, lives like a slave, (or) subsists by snaring (animals).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

मैत्रेयकं तु वैदेहो माधूकं संप्रसूयते) । न्क़्न् प्रशंसत्य्) अजस्रं यो घण्टाताडो ऽअरुणौदये ॥

maitreyakaṃ tu vaideho mādhūkaṃ saṃprasūyate) | nqn praśaṃsaty) ajasraṃ yo ghaṇṭātāḍo 'aruṇa.udaye ||

A Vaideha produces (with the same) a sweetvoiced Maitreyaka, who, ringing a bell at the appearance of dawn, continually praises (great) men.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

निषादो मार्गवं सूते) दासं नौकर्मजीविनम् । कैवर्तम् इति यं प्राहुर्) आर्यावर्तनिवासिनः ॥

niṣādo mārgavaṃ sūte) dāsaṃ naukarmajīvinam | kaivartam iti yaṃ prāhur) āryāvartanivāsinaḥ ||

A Nishada begets (on the same) a Margava (or) Da^a, who subsists by working as a boatman, (and) whom the inhabitants of Aryavarta call a Kaivarta.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

मृतवस्त्रभृत्स्व् नारीषु गर्हितअन्नअशनासु च ।[मनार्याषु] भवन्त्य्) आयोगवीष्व् एते जातिहीनाः पृथक् त्रयः ॥

mṛtavastrabhṛtsv nārīṣu garhita.anna.aśanāsu ca |[M.anāryāṣu] bhavanty) āyogavīṣv ete jātihīnāḥ pṛthak trayaḥ ||

Those three base-born ones are severally begot on Ayogava women, who wear the clothes of the dead, are wicked, and eat reprehensible food.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

कारावरो निषादात् तु चर्मकारः प्रसूयते) । [म्चर्मकारं ] वैदेहिकाद् अन्ध्रमेदौ बहिर्ग्रामप्रतिश्रयौ ॥

kārāvaro niṣādāt tu carmakāraḥ prasūyate) | [M.carmakāraṃ ] vaidehikād andhra.medau bahirgrāma.pratiśrayau ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

चण्डालात् पाण्डुसोपाकस् त्वक्सारव्यवहारवान् । आहिण्डिको निषादेन वैदेह्याम् एव जायते) ॥

caṇḍālāt pāṇḍusopākas tvaksāravyavahāravān | āhiṇḍiko niṣādena vaidehyām eva jāyate) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

चण्डालेन तु सोपाको मूलव्यसनवृत्तिमान् । पुक्कस्यां जायते) पापः सदा सज्जनगर्हितः ॥ [म्पुल्कस्यां ]

caṇḍālena tu sopāko mūlavyasanavṛttimān | pukkasyāṃ jāyate) pāpaḥ sadā sajjanagarhitaḥ || [M.pulkasyāṃ ]

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

निषादस्त्री तु चण्डालात् पुत्रम् अन्त्यावसायिनम् । श्मशानगोचरं सूते) बाह्यानाम् अपि गर्हितम् ॥

niṣādastrī tu caṇḍālāt putram antyāvasāyinam | śmaśāna.gocaraṃ sūte) bāhyānām api garhitam ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

संकरे जातयस् त्व् एताः पितृमातृप्रदर्शिताः । प्रछन्ना वा प्रकाशा वा वेदितव्याः स्वकर्मभिः ॥

saṃkare jātayas tv etāḥ pitṛ.mātṛ.pradarśitāḥ | prachannā vā prakāśā vā veditavyāḥ svakarmabhiḥ ||

These races, (which originate) in a confusion (of the castes and) have been described according to their fathers and mothers, may be known by their occupations, whether they conceal or openly show themselves. former reading, as he copies the explanation sukrurasu, ' very cruel,' which

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

स्वजातिजअनन्तरजाः षट् सुता द्विजधर्मिणः । शूद्राणां तु सधर्माणः सर्वे ऽअपध्वंसजाः स्मृताः) ॥

svajātija.anantarajāḥ ṣaṭ sutā dvijadharmiṇaḥ | śūdrāṇāṃ tu sa.dharmāṇaḥ sarve 'apadhvaṃsajāḥ smṛtāḥ) ||

Six sons, begotten (by Aryans) on women of equal and the next lower castes ( Anantara), have the duties of twice-born men; but all those born in consequence of a violation (of the law) are, as regards their duties, equal to Śudras.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

तपोबीजप्रभावैस् तु ते गच्छन्ति) युगे युगे । उत्कर्षं च-अपकर्षं च मनुष्येष्व् इह जन्मतः ॥

tapo.bīja.prabhāvais tu te gacchanti) yuge yuge | utkarṣaṃ ca-apakarṣaṃ ca manuṣyeṣv iha janmataḥ ||

By the power of austerities and of the seed (from which they sprang), these (races) obtain here among men more exalted or lower rank in successive births.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

शनकैस् तु क्रियालोपाद् इमाः क्षत्रियजातयः । वृषलत्वं गता) लोके ब्राह्मणादर्शनेन च ॥ [म्ब्राह्मणातिक्रमेण च]

śanakais tu kriyālopād imāḥ kṣatriya.jātayaḥ | vṛṣalatvaṃ gatā) loke brāhmaṇādarśanena ca || [M.brāhmaṇātikrameṇa ca]

But in consequence of the omission ofL_the sacred rites^ and of their not consulting Brāhmaṇas, the following tribes of Kshatriyas have gradually sunk in this world to the condition of Śudras;

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

पौण्ड्रकाश् चौड्रद्रविडाः काम्बोजा यवनाः शकाः । [म्पुण्ड्रकाश् चोडद्रविडाः] पारदापह्लवाश् चीनाः किराता दरदाः खशाः ॥

pauṇḍrakāś cauḍra.draviḍāḥ kāmbojā yavanāḥ śakāḥ | [M.puṇḍrakāś coḍa.draviḍāḥ] pāradā.pahlavāś cīnāḥ kirātā daradāḥ khaśāḥ ||

(Viz.) the Pau^rakaj^Jthe Kod'ds, the Dravidas, the Kambq^as, the ^Yavanas, the Śakas, the Paradas, the Pahlavas. the iClnas, the Kiratas, and the Daradas.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

मुखबाहुऊरुपद्जानां या लोके जातयो बहिः । म्लेच्छवाचश् च-आर्यवाचः सर्वे ते दस्यवः स्मृताः) ॥

mukha.bāhu.ūru.pad.jānāṃ yā loke jātayo bahiḥ | mleccha.vācaś ca-ārya.vācaḥ sarve te dasyavaḥ smṛtāḥ) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

ये द्विजानाम् अपसदा ये च-अपध्वंसजाः स्मृताः) । ते निन्दितैर् वर्तयेयुर्) द्विजानाम् एव कर्मभिः ॥

ye dvijānām apasadā ye ca-apadhvaṃsajāḥ smṛtāḥ) | te ninditair vartayeyur) dvijānām eva karmabhiḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सूतानाम् अश्वसारथ्यम् अम्बष्ठानां चिकित्सनम् । वैदेहकानां स्त्रीकार्यं मागधानां वणिक्पथः ॥

sūtānām aśva.sārathyam ambaṣṭhānāṃ cikitsanam | vaidehakānāṃ strīkāryaṃ māgadhānāṃ vaṇikpathaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

मत्स्यघातो निषादानां त्वष्टिस् त्व् आयोगवस्य च । मेदअन्ध्रचुञ्चुमद्गूनाम् आरण्यपशुहिंसनम् ॥

matsyaghāto niṣādānāṃ tvaṣṭis tv āyogavasya ca | meda.andhra.cuñcu.madgūnām āraṇyapaśuhiṃsanam ||

Killing fish to Nishadas; carpenters' work to the Ayogava; to Medas, Andhras, Kun&us, and Madgus, the slaughter of wild animals; read Pahnava.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

क्षत्तृउग्रपुक्कसानां तु बिलौकोवधबन्धनम् । धिग्वणानां चर्मकार्यं वेणानां भाण्डवादनम् ॥

kṣattṛ.ugra.pukkasānāṃ tu bilaukovadha.bandhanam | dhigvaṇānāṃ carmakāryaṃ veṇānāṃ bhāṇḍavādanam ||

To Kshattrzs, Ugras, and Pukkasas, catching and killing (animals) living in holes; to Dhigva^as, working in leather; to Venas, playing drums.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

चैत्यद्रुमश्मशानेषु शैलेषु-उपवनेषु च । वसेयुर्) एते विज्ञाता वर्तयन्तः) स्वकर्मभिः ॥

caityadruma.śmaśāneṣu śaileṣu-upavaneṣu ca | vaseyur) ete vijñātā vartayantaḥ) svakarmabhiḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

चण्डालश्वपचानां तु बहिर् ग्रामात् प्रतिश्रयः । अपपात्राश् च कर्तव्या) धनम् एषां श्वगर्दभम् ॥

caṇḍāla.śvapacānāṃ tu bahir grāmāt pratiśrayaḥ | apapātrāś ca kartavyā) dhanam eṣāṃ śva.gardabham ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

वासांसि मृतचैलानि भिन्नभाण्डेषु भोजनम् । कार्ष्णायसम् अलङ्कारः परिव्रज्या च नित्यशः ॥

vāsāṃsi mṛtacailāni bhinnabhāṇḍeṣu bhojanam | kārṣṇāyasam alaṅkāraḥ parivrajyā ca nityaśaḥ ||

Their dress (shall be) the garments of the dead, (they shall eat) their food from broken dishes, I black iron (shall be) their ornaments, and they must L always wander from place to place.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

न तैः समयम् अन्विच्छेत्) पुरुषो धर्मम् आचरन्) । व्यवहारो मिथस् तेषां विवाहः सदृशैः सह ॥

na taiḥ samayam anvicchet) puruṣo dharmam ācaran) | vyavahāro mithas teṣāṃ vivāhaḥ sadṛśaiḥ saha ||

A man who fulfils a religious duty, shall not seek intercourse with them; their transactions (shall be) among themselves, and their marriages with their equals.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अन्नम् एषां पराधीनं देयं स्याद्) भिन्नभाजने । रात्रौ न विचरेयुस्) ते ग्रामेषु नगरेषु च ॥

annam eṣāṃ parādhīnaṃ deyaṃ syād) bhinnabhājane | rātrau na vicareyus) te grāmeṣu nagareṣu ca ||

Their food shall be given to them by others (than an Aryan giver) in a broken dish; at night they shall not walk about in villages and in towns. *.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

दिवा चरेयुः) कार्यार्थं चिह्निता राजशासनैः । अबान्धवं शवं च-एव निर्हरेयुर्) इति स्थितिः ॥

divā careyuḥ) kāryārthaṃ cihnitā rājaśāsanaiḥ | a.bāndhavaṃ śavaṃ ca-eva nirhareyur) iti sthitiḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

वध्यांश् च हन्युः) सततं यथाशास्त्रं नृपाज्ञया । वध्यवासांसि गृह्णीयुः) शय्याश् च-आभरणानि च ॥

vadhyāṃś ca hanyuḥ) satataṃ yathāśāstraṃ nṛpājñayā | vadhyavāsāṃsi gṛhṇīyuḥ) śayyāś ca-ābharaṇāni ca ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

वर्णापेतम् अविज्ञातं नरं कलुषयोनिजम् । आर्यरूपम् इव-अनार्यं कर्मभिः स्वैर् विभावयेत्) ॥

varṇāpetam avijñātaṃ naraṃ kaluṣayonijam | ārya.rūpam iva-anāryaṃ karmabhiḥ svair vibhāvayet) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

अनार्यता निष्ठुरता क्रूरता निष्क्रियात्मता । पुरुषं व्यञ्जयन्ति)-इह लोके कलुषयोनिजम् ॥

anāryatā niṣṭhuratā krūratā niṣkriyātmatā | puruṣaṃ vyañjayanti)-iha loke kaluṣayonijam ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

पित्र्यं वा भजते) शीलं मातुर् वा-उभयम् एव वा । न कथं चन दुर्योनिः प्रकृतिं स्वां नियच्छति) ॥

pitryaṃ vā bhajate) śīlaṃ mātur vā-ubhayam eva vā | na kathaṃ cana duryoniḥ prakṛtiṃ svāṃ niyacchati) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

कुले मुख्ये ऽअपि जातस्य यस्य स्याद्) योनिसंकरः । संश्रयत्य्) एव तत्शीलं नरो ऽअल्पम् अपि वा बहु ॥

kule mukhye 'api jātasya yasya syād) yonisaṃkaraḥ | saṃśrayaty) eva tat.śīlaṃ naro 'alpam api vā bahu ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

यत्र त्व् एते परिध्वंसाज् जायन्ते) वर्णदूषकाः । राष्ट्रिकैः सह तद् राष्ट्रं क्षिप्रम् एव विनश्यति) ॥ [म्राष्ट्रियैः ]

yatra tv ete paridhvaṃsāj jāyante) varṇadūṣakāḥ | rāṣṭrikaiḥ saha tad rāṣṭraṃ kṣipram eva vinaśyati) || [M.rāṣṭriyaiḥ ]

But that kingdom in which such bastards, I sullying (the purity of) the castes, are born, perishes j quickly together with its inhabitants. ' Their food shall be given to them by others in a broken vessel,'

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

ब्राह्मणार्थे गवार्थे वा देहत्यागो ऽअनुपस्कृतः । स्त्रीबालाभ्युपपत्तौ च बाह्यानां सिद्धिकारणम् ॥ [म्स्त्रीबालाभ्यवपत्तौ च ]

brāhmaṇārthe gavārthe vā dehatyāgo 'an.upaskṛtaḥ | strī.bālābhyupapattau ca bāhyānāṃ siddhikāraṇam || [M.strī.bālābhyavapattau ca ]

Dying, without the expectation of a reward, for the sake of Brāhmaṇas and of cows, or in the defence of women and children, secures beatitude to those excluded (from the Aryan community, vahya).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अहिंसा सत्यम् अस्तेयं शौचम् इन्द्रियनिग्रहः । एतं सामासिकं धर्मं चातुर्वर्ण्ये ऽअब्रवीन्) मनुः ॥

ahiṃsā satyam asteyaṃ śaucam indriyanigrahaḥ | etaṃ sāmāsikaṃ dharmaṃ cāturvarṇye 'abravīn) manuḥ ||

Abstention from injuring (creatures), veracity, abstention from unlawfully appropriating (the goods 4k of others), purity, and control of the organs, Manu has declared to be the summary of the law for the four castes.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

शूद्रायां ब्राह्मणाज् जातः श्रेयसा चेत् प्रजायते) । अश्रेयान् श्रेयसीं जातिं गच्छत्य्) आ सप्तमाद् युगात् ॥

śūdrāyāṃ brāhmaṇāj jātaḥ śreyasā cet prajāyate) | aśreyān śreyasīṃ jātiṃ gacchaty) ā saptamād yugāt ||

If (a female of the caste), sprung from a Brāhmaṇa and a 6udra female, bear (children) to one of the highest caste, the inferior (tribe) attains the highest caste within the seventh generation.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

शूद्रो ब्राह्मणताम् एति) ब्राह्मणश् च-एति) शूद्रताम् । क्षत्रियाज् जातम् एवं तु विद्याद्) वैश्यात् तथा-एव च ॥

śūdro brāhmaṇatām eti) brāhmaṇaś ca-eti) śūdratām | kṣatriyāj jātam evaṃ tu vidyād) vaiśyāt tathā-eva ca ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

अनार्यायां समुत्पन्नो ब्राह्मणात् तु यदृच्छया । ब्राह्मण्याम् अप्य् अनार्यात् तु श्रेयस्त्वं क्व-इति चेद् भवेत्)॥ [म्कस्य चिद् भवेत्) ]

anāryāyāṃ samutpanno brāhmaṇāt tu yadṛcchayā | brāhmaṇyām apy anāryāt tu śreyastvaṃ kva-iti ced bhavet)|| [M.kasya cid bhavet) ]

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

जातो नार्याम् अनार्यायाम् आर्याद् आर्यो भवेद्) गुणैः । जातो ऽअप्य् अनार्याद् आर्यायाम् अनार्य इति निश्चयः ॥

jāto nāryām anāryāyām āryād āryo bhaved) guṇaiḥ | jāto 'apy anāryād āryāyām anārya iti niścayaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

ताव् उभाव् अप्य् असंस्कार्याव् इति धर्मो व्यवस्थितः । वैगुण्याज् जन्मनः पूर्व उत्तरः प्रतिलोमतः ॥ [म्जन्मतः ]

tāv ubhāv apy asaṃskāryāv iti dharmo vyavasthitaḥ | vaiguṇyāj janmanaḥ pūrva uttaraḥ pratilomataḥ || [M.janmataḥ ]

The law prescribes that neither of the two shall receive the sacraments, the first (being excluded) on account of the lowness of his origin, the second (because the union of his parents was) against the order of the castes.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सुबीजं च-एव सुक्षेत्रे जातं संपद्यते) यथा । तथा-आर्याज् जात आर्यायां सर्वं संस्कारम् अर्हति) ॥

subījaṃ ca-eva sukṣetre jātaṃ saṃpadyate) yathā | tathā-āryāj jāta āryāyāṃ sarvaṃ saṃskāram arhati) ||

As good seed, springing up in good soil, turns out perfectly well, even so the son of an Aryan by an Aryan woman is worthy of all the sacraments.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

बीजम् एके प्रशंसन्ति) क्षेत्रम् अन्ये मनीषिणः । बीजक्षेत्रे तथा-एव-अन्ये तत्र-इयं तु व्यवस्थितिः ॥

bījam eke praśaṃsanti) kṣetram anye manīṣiṇaḥ | bīja.kṣetre tathā-eva-anye tatra-iyaṃ tu vyavasthitiḥ ||

Some sages declare the seed to be more important, and others the field; again others (assert that) the seed and the field (are equally important); but the legal decision on this point is as follows:

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अक्षेत्रे बीजम् उत्सृष्टम् अन्तरा-एव विनश्यति) । अबीजकम् अपि क्षेत्रं केवलं स्थण्डिलं भवेत्) ।

akṣetre bījam utsṛṣṭam antarā-eva vinaśyati) | a.bījakam api kṣetraṃ kevalaṃ sthaṇḍilaṃ bhavet) |

Seed, sown on barren ground, perishes in it; a (fertile) field also, in which no (good) seed (is sown), will remain barren.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यस्माद् बीजप्रभावेण तिर्यग्जा ऋषयो ऽअभवन्) । पूजिताश् च प्रशस्ताश् च तस्माद् बीजं प्रशस्यते ॥ [म्विशिष्यते)]

yasmād bījaprabhāveṇa tiryagjā ṛṣayo 'abhavan) | pūjitāś ca praśastāś ca tasmād bījaṃ praśasyate || [M.viśiṣyate)]

As through the power of the seed (sons) born of animals became sages who are honoured and praised, hence the seed is declared to be more important.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अनार्यम् आर्यकर्माणम् आर्यं च-अनार्यकर्मिणम् । संप्रधार्य)-अब्रवीद्) धाता न समौ न-असमाव् इति ॥

anāryam ārya.karmāṇam āryaṃ ca-anāryakarmiṇam | saṃpradhārya)-abravīd) dhātā na samau na-asamāv iti ||

Having considered (the case of) a nonAryan who acts like an Aryan, and (that of) an Aryan who acts like a non-Aryan, the creator declared, ' Those two are neither equal nor unequal.' and the like, which according to other Smmis are permitted to him '

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

ब्राह्मणा ब्रह्मयोनिस्था ये स्वकर्मण्य् अवस्थिताः) । ते सम्यग् उपजीवेयुः) षट् कर्माणि यथाक्रमम् ॥

brāhmaṇā brahmayonisthā ye svakarmaṇy avasthitāḥ) | te samyag upajīveyuḥ) ṣaṭ karmāṇi yathākramam ||

Brāhmaṇas who are intent on the means (of gaining union with) Brahman and firm in (discharging) their duties, shall live by duly performing the following six acts, (which are enumerated) in their (proper) order.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अध्यापनम् अध्ययनं यजनं याजनं तथा । दानं प्रतिग्रहश् च-एव षट् कर्माण्य् अग्रजन्मनः ॥

adhyāpanam adhyayanaṃ yajanaṃ yājanaṃ tathā | dānaṃ pratigrahaś ca-eva ṣaṭ karmāṇy agrajanmanaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

षण्णां तु कर्मणाम् अस्य त्रीणि कर्माणि जीविका । याजनअध्यापने च-एव विशुद्धाच् च प्रतिग्रहः ॥

ṣaṇṇāṃ tu karmaṇām asya trīṇi karmāṇi jīvikā | yājana.adhyāpane ca-eva viśuddhāc ca pratigrahaḥ ||

But among the six acts (ordained) for him three are his means of subsistence, (viz.) sacrificing for others, teaching, and accepting gifts from pure men.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

त्रयो धर्मा निवर्तन्ते) ब्राह्मणात् क्षत्रियं प्रति । अध्यापनं याजनं च तृतीयश् च प्रतिग्रहः ॥

trayo dharmā nivartante) brāhmaṇāt kṣatriyaṃ prati | adhyāpanaṃ yājanaṃ ca tṛtīyaś ca pratigrahaḥ ||

(Passing) from the Brāhmaṇa to the Kshatriya, three acts (incumbent on the former) are forbidden, (viz.) teaching, sacrificing for others, and, thirdly, the acceptance of gifts.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वैश्यं प्रति तथा-एव-एते निवर्तेरन्न्) इति स्थितिः । न तौ प्रति हि तान् धर्मान् मनुर् आह) प्रजापतिः ॥ [म्। प्रति हितान् धर्मान् ]

vaiśyaṃ prati tathā-eva-ete nivarterann) iti sthitiḥ | na tau prati hi tān dharmān manur āha) prajāpatiḥ || [M. prati hitān dharmān ]

The same are likewise forbidden to a Varsya, that is a settled rule; for Manu, the lord of creatures (Prajāpati), has not prescribed them for (men of) those two (castes).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

शस्त्रअस्त्रभृत्त्वं क्षत्रस्य वणिक्पशुकृषिर् विषः । आजीवनार्थं धर्मस् तु दानम् अध्ययनं यजिः ॥

śastra.astrabhṛttvaṃ kṣatrasya vaṇik.paśu.kṛṣir viṣaḥ | ājīvanārthaṃ dharmas tu dānam adhyayanaṃ yajiḥ ||

To carry arms for striking and for throwing \ (is prescribed) for Kshatriyas as a means of sub1 sistence; to trade, (to rear) cattle, and agriculture \ 74-80.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वेदाभ्यासो ब्राह्मणस्य क्षत्रियस्य च रक्षणम् । वार्ताकर्म-एव वैश्यस्य विशिष्टानि स्वकर्मसु ॥

vedābhyāso brāhmaṇasya kṣatriyasya ca rakṣaṇam | vārtākarma-eva vaiśyasya viśiṣṭāni svakarmasu ||

Among the several occupations the most commendable are, teaching the Veda for a Brah- \ ma^a, protecting (the people) for a Kshatriya, and trade for a Vaiśya.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अजीवंस्) तु यथाउक्तेन ब्राह्मणः स्वेन कर्मणा । जीवेत्) क्षत्रियधर्मेण स ह्य् अस्य प्रत्य् अनन्तरः ॥

a.jīvaṃs) tu yathā.uktena brāhmaṇaḥ svena karmaṇā | jīvet) kṣatriyadharmeṇa sa hy asya praty anantaraḥ ||

But a Brāhmaṇa, unable to subsist by his peculiar occupations just mentioned, may live according to the law applicable to Kshatriyas; for the latter is next to him in rank.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

उभाभ्याम् अप्य् अजीवंस् तु कथं स्याद्) इति चेद् भवेत्) । कृषिगोरक्षम् आस्थाय) जीवेद्) वैश्यस्य जीविकाम् ॥

ubhābhyām apy a.jīvaṃs tu kathaṃ syād) iti ced bhavet) | kṛṣi.gorakṣam āsthāya) jīved) vaiśyasya jīvikām ||

If it be asked, ' How shall it be, if he cannot maintain himself by either (of these occupations?' the answer is), he may adopt a Vaiśya's mode of life, employing himself in agriculture and rearing cattle.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वैश्यवृत्त्या-अपि जीवंस्) तु ब्राह्मणः क्सत्रियो ऽअपि वा । हिंसाप्रायां पराधीनां कृषिं यत्नेन वर्जयेत्) ॥

vaiśyavṛttyā-api jīvaṃs) tu brāhmaṇaḥ ksatriyo 'api vā | hiṃsā.prāyāṃ parādhīnāṃ kṛṣiṃ yatnena varjayet) ||

But a Brāhmaṇa, or a Kshatriya, living by a Vai-sya's mode of subsistence, shall carefully avoid (the pursuit of) agriculture, (which causes) injury to many beings and depends on others. T^84. (Some) "declare that agriculture is something I excellent, (but) that means of subsistence is blamed

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

कृषिं साधु-इति मन्यन्ते) सा वृत्तिः सद्विगर्हिताः । भूमिं भूमिशयांश् च-एव हन्ति) काष्ठम् अयोमुखम् ॥

kṛṣiṃ sādhu-iti manyante) sā vṛttiḥ sadvigarhitāḥ | bhūmiṃ bhūmiśayāṃś ca-eva hanti) kāṣṭham ayo.mukham ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

इदं तु वृत्तिवैकल्यात् त्यजतो) धर्मनैपुणं । विश्पण्यम् उद्धृतौद्धारं विक्रेयं) वित्तवर्धनम् ॥

idaṃ tu vṛttivaikalyāt tyajato) dharmanaipuṇaṃ | viś.paṇyam uddhṛta.uddhāraṃ vikreyaṃ) vittavardhanam ||

But he who, through a want of means of subsistence, gives up the strictness with respect to his duties, may sell, in order to increase his wealth, the commodities sold by Vaisyas, making (however) the (following) exceptions.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सर्वान् रसान् अपोहेत) कृतान्नं च तिलैः सह । अश्मनो लवणं च-एव पशवो ये च मानुषाः ॥

sarvān rasān apoheta) kṛtānnaṃ ca tilaiḥ saha | aśmano lavaṇaṃ ca-eva paśavo ye ca mānuṣāḥ ||

He must avoid (selling) condiments of all sorts, cooked food and sesamum, stones, salt, cattle, and human (beings),

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सर्वं च तान्तवं रक्तं शाणक्षौमआविकानि च । अपि चेत् स्युर्) अरक्तानि फलमूले तथा-ओषधीः ॥

sarvaṃ ca tāntavaṃ raktaṃ śāṇa.kṣauma.āvikāni ca | api cet syur) araktāni phala.mūle tathā-oṣadhīḥ ||

All dyed cloth, as well as cloth made of hemp, or flax, or wool, even though they be not dyed, fruit, roots, and (medical) herbs;

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अपः शस्त्रं विषं मांसं सोमं गन्धांश् च सर्वशः । क्षीरं क्षौद्रं दधि घृतं तैलं मधु गुडं कुशान् ॥

apaḥ śastraṃ viṣaṃ māṃsaṃ somaṃ gandhāṃś ca sarvaśaḥ | kṣīraṃ kṣaudraṃ dadhi ghṛtaṃ tailaṃ madhu guḍaṃ kuśān ||

Water, weapons, poison, meat, Soma, and perfumes of all kinds, fresh milk, honey, sour milk, clarified butter, oil, wax, sugar, Kiua-grass;

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

आरण्यांश् च पशून् सर्वान् दंष्ट्रिणश् च वयांसि च । मद्यं नीलिं च लाक्षां च सर्वांश् च-एकशफांस् तथा ॥ [म्नीलीं ]

āraṇyāṃś ca paśūn sarvān daṃṣṭriṇaś ca vayāṃsi ca | madyaṃ nīliṃ ca lākṣāṃ ca sarvāṃś ca-eka.śaphāṃs tathā || [M.nīlīṃ ]

All beasts of the forest, animals with fangs or tusks, birds, spirituous liquor, indigo, lac, and all one-hoofed beasts.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

कामम् उत्पाद्य) कृष्यां तु स्वयम् एव कृषीवलः । विक्रीणीत) तिलान्-शूद्रान् धर्मार्थम् अचिरस्थितान् ॥ [म्तिलान्-शुद्धान्]

kāmam utpādya) kṛṣyāṃ tu svayam eva kṛṣīvalaḥ | vikrīṇīta) tilān-śūdrān dharmārtham acirasthitān || [M.tilān-śuddhān]

But he who subsists by agriculture, may at pleasure sell unmixed sesamum grains for sacred

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

भोजनअभ्यञ्जनाद् दानाद् यद् अन्यत् कुरुते) तिलैः । कृमिभूतः श्वविष्ठायां पितृभिः सह मज्जति) ॥

bhojana.abhyañjanād dānād yad anyat kurute) tilaiḥ | kṛmibhūtaḥ śvaviṣṭhāyāṃ pitṛbhiḥ saha majjati) ||

If he applies sesamum to any other purpose but food, anointing, and charitable gifts, he will be born (again) as a worm and, together with his ancestors, be plunged into the ordure of dogs.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सद्यः पतति) मांसेन लाक्षया लवणेन च । त्र्यहेण शूद्रो भवति) ब्राह्मणः क्षीरविक्रयात् ॥

sadyaḥ patati) māṃsena lākṣayā lavaṇena ca | tryaheṇa śūdro bhavati) brāhmaṇaḥ kṣīravikrayāt ||

By (selling) flesh, salt, and lac a Brāhmaṇa at once becomes an outcast; by selling milk he becomes (equal to) a Śudra in three days.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

इतरेषां तु पण्यानां विक्रयाद् इह कामतः । ब्राह्मणः सप्तरात्रेण वैश्यभावं नियच्छति) ॥

itareṣāṃ tu paṇyānāṃ vikrayād iha kāmataḥ | brāhmaṇaḥ saptarātreṇa vaiśyabhāvaṃ niyacchati) ||

But by willingly selling in this world other (forbidden) commodities, a Brāhmaṇa assumes after seven nights the character of a Vakya.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

रसा रसैर् निमातव्या) न त्व् एव लवणं रसैः । कृतान्नं च कृतान्नेन तिला धान्येन तत्समाः ॥

rasā rasair nimātavyā) na tv eva lavaṇaṃ rasaiḥ | kṛtānnaṃ ca kṛtānnena tilā dhānyena tatsamāḥ ||

Condiments may be bartered for condiments, but by no means salt for (other) condiments; cooked food (may be exchanged) for (other kinds of) cooked food, and sesamum seeds for grain in equal quantities.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

जीवेद्) एतेन राजन्यः सर्वेण-अप्य् अनयं गतः । न त्व् एव ज्यायंसीं वृत्तिम् अभिमन्येत) कर्हि चित् ॥

jīved) etena rājanyaḥ sarveṇa-apy anayaṃ gataḥ | na tv eva jyāyaṃsīṃ vṛttim abhimanyeta) karhi cit ||

A Kshatriya who has fallen into distress, may subsist by all these (means); but he must never arrogantly adopt the mode of life (prescribed for his) betters. according to

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यो लोभाद् अधमो जात्या जीवेद्) उत्कृष्टकर्मभिः । तं राजा निर्धनं कृत्वा) क्षिप्रम् एव प्रवासयेत्) ॥

yo lobhād adhamo jātyā jīved) utkṛṣṭa.karmabhiḥ | taṃ rājā nirdhanaṃ kṛtvā) kṣipram eva pravāsayet) ||

A man of low caste who through covetousness lives by the occupations of a higher one, the king shall deprive of his property and banish.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वरं स्वधर्मो विगुणो न पारक्यः स्वनुष्ठितः । [म्विगुणः परधर्मात् स्वधिष्ठितात् ] परधर्मेण जीवन्) हि सद्यः पतति) जातितः ॥

varaṃ svadharmo viguṇo na pārakyaḥ svanuṣṭhitaḥ | [M.viguṇaḥ paradharmāt svadhiṣṭhitāt ] paradharmeṇa jīvan) hi sadyaḥ patati) jātitaḥ ||

It is better (to discharge) one's own (ap- \XjM "^ pointed) duty incompletely than to perform com-^y HLtrX' pletely that of another; for he who lives according to the law of another (caste) is instantly excluded from his own.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वैश्यो ऽअजीवन्) स्वधर्मेण शूद्रवृत्त्या-अपि वर्तयेत्) । अनाचरन्न्) अकार्याणि निवर्तेत) च शक्तिमान् ॥

vaiśyo 'a.jīvan) svadharmeṇa śūdravṛttyā-api vartayet) | an.ācarann) a.kāryāṇi nivarteta) ca śaktimān ||

A Vaiśya who is unable to subsist by his own duties, may even maintain himself by a Śudra's mode of life, avoiding (however) acts forbidden (to him), and he should give it up, when he is able (to do so).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अशक्नुवंस् तु शुश्रूषां शूद्रः कर्तुं) द्विजन्मनाम् । पुत्रदारात्ययं प्राप्तो जीवेत्) कारुककर्मभिः ॥

a.śaknuvaṃs tu śuśrūṣāṃ śūdraḥ kartuṃ) dvijanmanām | putra.dārātyayaṃ prāpto jīvet) kāruka.karmabhiḥ ||

But a Śudra, being unable to find service with the twice-born and threatened with the loss of his sons and wife (through hunger), may maintain himself by handicrafts.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यैः कर्मभिः प्रचरितैः शुश्रूष्यन्ते) द्विजातयः । तानि कारुककर्माणि शिल्पानि विविधानि च ॥

yaiḥ karmabhiḥ pracaritaiḥ śuśrūṣyante) dvijātayaḥ | tāni kāruka.karmāṇi śilpāni vividhāni ca ||

(Let him follow) those mechanical occupations and those various practical arts by following which the twice-born are (best) served.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वैश्यवृत्तिम् अनातिष्ठन्) ब्राह्मणः स्वे पथि स्थितः । अवृत्तिकर्षितः सीदन्न्) इमं धर्मं समाचरेत्) ॥

vaiśyavṛttim an.ātiṣṭhan) brāhmaṇaḥ sve pathi sthitaḥ | avṛttikarṣitaḥ sīdann) imaṃ dharmaṃ samācaret) ||

A Brāhmaṇa who is distressed through a want of means of subsistence and pines (with hunger), (but) unwilling to adopt a Vaisya's mode of life and resolved to follow his own (prescribed) path, may act in the following manner.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सर्वतः प्रतिगृह्णीयाद्) ब्राह्मणस् त्व् अनयं गतः । पवित्रं दुष्यति)-इत्य् एतद् धर्मतो न-उपपद्यते) ॥

sarvataḥ pratigṛhṇīyād) brāhmaṇas tv anayaṃ gataḥ | pavitraṃ duṣyati)-ity etad dharmato na-upapadyate) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

न-अध्यापनाद् याजनाद् वा गर्हिताद् वा प्रतिग्रहात् । दोषो भवति) विप्राणां ज्वलनअम्बुसमा हि ते ॥

na-adhyāpanād yājanād vā garhitād vā pratigrahāt | doṣo bhavati) viprāṇāṃ jvalana.ambu.samā hi te ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

जीवितात्ययम् आपन्नो यो ऽअन्नम् अत्ति) ततस् ततः । आकाशम् इव पङ्केन न स पापेन लिप्यते) ॥

jīvitātyayam āpanno yo 'annam atti) tatas tataḥ | ākāśam iva paṅkena na sa pāpena lipyate) ||

He who, when in danger of losing his life, accepts food from any person whatsoever, is no more tainted by sin than the sky by mud.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अजीगर्तः सुतं हन्तुम् उपासर्पद्) बुभुक्षितः । न च-आलिप्यत) पापेन क्षुत्प्रतीकारम् आचरन्) ॥

ajīgartaḥ sutaṃ hantum upāsarpad) bubhukṣitaḥ | na ca-ālipyata) pāpena kṣutpratīkāram ācaran) ||

A^igarta, who suffered hunger, approached in order to slay (his own) son, and was not tainted by sin, since he (only) sought a remedy against famishing.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

श्वमांसम् इच्छन्) आर्तो ऽअत्तुं धर्मअधर्मविचक्षणः । प्राणानां परिरक्षार्थं वामदेवो न लिप्तवान्) ॥

śvamāṃsam icchan) ārto 'attuṃ dharma.adharmavicakṣaṇaḥ | prāṇānāṃ parirakṣārthaṃ vāmadevo na liptavān) ||

Vamadeva, who well knew right and wrong, did not sully himself when, tormented (by hunger), he desired to eat the flesh of a dog in order to save his life.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

भरद्वाजः क्षुधार्तस् तु सपुत्रो विजने वने । बह्वीर् गाः प्रतिजग्राह) वृधोस् तक्ष्णो महातपाः ॥

bharadvājaḥ kṣudhārtas tu sa.putro vijane vane | bahvīr gāḥ pratijagrāha) vṛdhos takṣṇo mahātapāḥ ||

Bharadva^a, a performer of great austerities, accepted many cows from the carpenter Brz'bu, when he was starving together with his sons in a lonely forest.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

क्षुधार्तश् च-अत्तुम् अभ्यागाद्) विश्वामित्रः श्वजाघनीम् । चण्डालहस्ताद् आदाय) धर्मअधर्मविचक्षणः ॥

kṣudhārtaś ca-attum abhyāgād) viśvāmitraḥ śvajāghanīm | caṇḍālahastād ādāya) dharma.adharmavicakṣaṇaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

प्रतिग्रहाद् याजनाद् वा तथा-एव-अध्यापनाद् अपि । प्रतिग्रहः प्रत्यवरः प्रेत्य विप्रस्य गर्हितः ॥

pratigrahād yājanād vā tathā-eva-adhyāpanād api | pratigrahaḥ pratyavaraḥ pretya viprasya garhitaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

याजनअध्यापने नित्यं क्रियेते) संस्कृतआत्मनाम् । प्रतिग्रहस् तु क्रियते) शूद्राद् अप्य् अन्त्यजन्मनः ॥

yājana.adhyāpane nityaṃ kriyete) saṃskṛta.ātmanām | pratigrahas tu kriyate) śūdrād apy antya.janmanaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

जपहोमैर् अपैत्य्) एनो याजनअध्यापनैः कृतम् । प्रतिग्रहनिमित्तं तु त्यागेन तपसा-एव च ॥

japa.homair apaity) eno yājana.adhyāpanaiḥ kṛtam | pratigrahanimittaṃ tu tyāgena tapasā-eva ca ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

शिलौञ्छम् अप्य् आददीत) विप्रो ऽअजीवन्) यतस् ततः । प्रतिग्रहात्- शिलः श्रेयांस् ततो ऽअप्य् उञ्छः प्रशस्यते) ॥

śila.uñcham apy ādadīta) vipro 'a.jīvan) yatas tataḥ | pratigrahāt- śilaḥ śreyāṃs tato 'apy uñchaḥ praśasyate) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सीदद्भिः कुप्यम् इच्छद्भिर् धने वा पृथिवीपतिः । [म्धनं वा ] याच्यः स्यात्) स्नातकैर् विप्रैर् अदित्संस् त्यागम् अर्हति) ॥

sīdadbhiḥ kupyam icchadbhir dhane vā pṛthivīpatiḥ | [M.dhanaṃ vā ] yācyaḥ syāt) snātakair viprair aditsaṃs tyāgam arhati) ||

If Brahma?/as, who are Snatakas, are pining with hunger, or in want of (utensils made of) common metals, or of other property, they may ask the.SYauta-sutra (see the Petersburg Dictionary, sub voce Brzbu) alludes to the legend mentioned by Manu.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अकृतं च कृतात् क्षेत्राद् गौर् अजाविकम् एव च । हिरण्यं धान्यम् अन्नं च पूर्वं पूर्वम् अदोषवत् ॥

akṛtaṃ ca kṛtāt kṣetrād gaur ajāvikam eva ca | hiraṇyaṃ dhānyam annaṃ ca pūrvaṃ pūrvam adoṣavat ||

(The acceptance of) an untilled field is less blamable than (that of) a tilled one; (with respect to) cows, goats, sheep, gold, grain, and cooked food, (the acceptance of) each earlier-named (article is less blamable than of the following ones).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सप्त वित्तागमा धर्म्या दायो लाभः क्रयो जयः । प्रयोगः कर्मयोगश् च सत्प्रतिग्रह एव च ॥

sapta vittāgamā dharmyā dāyo lābhaḥ krayo jayaḥ | prayogaḥ karmayogaś ca satpratigraha eva ca ||

There are seven lawful modes of acquiring property, (viz.) inheritance, finding or friendly donation, purchase, conquest, lending at interest, the performance of work, and the acceptance of gifts from virtuous men. according to

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

विद्या शिल्पं भृतिः सेवा गोरक्ष्यं विपणिः कृषिः । धृतिर् भैक्षं कुसीदं च दश जीवनहेतवः ॥

vidyā śilpaṃ bhṛtiḥ sevā gorakṣyaṃ vipaṇiḥ kṛṣiḥ | dhṛtir bhaikṣaṃ kusīdaṃ ca daśa jīvanahetavaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

ब्राह्मणः क्षत्रियो वा-अपि वृद्धिं न-एव प्रयोजयेत्) । कामं तु खलु धर्मार्थं दद्यात्) पापीयसे ऽअल्पिकाम् ॥

brāhmaṇaḥ kṣatriyo vā-api vṛddhiṃ na-eva prayojayet) | kāmaṃ tu khalu dharmārthaṃ dadyāt) pāpīyase 'alpikām ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

चतुर्थम् आददानो) ऽअपि क्षत्रियो भागम् आपदि । प्रजा रक्षन्) परं शक्त्या किल्बिषात् प्रतिमुच्यते) ॥

caturtham ādadāno) 'api kṣatriyo bhāgam āpadi | prajā rakṣan) paraṃ śaktyā kilbiṣāt pratimucyate) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

स्वधर्मो विजयस् तस्य न-आहवे स्यात् पराङ्मुखः । शस्त्रेण वैश्यान् रक्षित्वा) धर्म्यम् आहारयेद्) बलिम् ॥ [म्वैश्याद् रक्षित्वा ]

svadharmo vijayas tasya na-āhave syāt parāṅ.mukhaḥ | śastreṇa vaiśyān rakṣitvā) dharmyam āhārayed) balim || [M.vaiśyād rakṣitvā ]

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

धान्ये ऽअष्टमं विशां शुल्कं विंशं कार्षापणअवरम् । कर्मौपकरणाः शूद्राः कारवः शिल्पिनस् तथा ॥

dhānye 'aṣṭamaṃ viśāṃ śulkaṃ viṃśaṃ kārṣāpaṇa.avaram | karma.upakaraṇāḥ śūdrāḥ kāravaḥ śilpinas tathā ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.