Let the three twice-born castes (varṇa), discharging their (prescribed) duties, study (the Veda); but among them the Brāhmaṇa (alone) shall teach it, not the other two; that is an established rule.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
वैशेष्यात् प्रकृतिश्रैष्ठ्यात्- नियमस्य च धारणात् । संस्कारस्य विशेषाच् च वर्णानां ब्राह्मणः प्रभुः ॥
vaiśeṣyāt prakṛtiśraiṣṭhyāt- niyamasya ca dhāraṇāt | saṃskārasya viśeṣāc ca varṇānāṃ brāhmaṇaḥ prabhuḥ ||
On account of his pre-eminence, on account of the superiority of his origin, on account of his observance of (particular) restrictive rules, and on account of his particular sanctification the Brahma»a is the lord of (all) castes (varṇa).
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
brāhmaṇaḥ kṣatriyo vaiśyas trayo varṇā dvijātayaḥ | caturtha ekajātis tu śūdro na-asti) tu pañcamaḥ ||
The Brahma;za, the Kshatriya, and the Vai-sya castes (varṇa) are the twice-born ones, but the fourth, the Śttdra, has one birth only; there is no fifth (caste).
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
From a Brāhmaṇa with th« daughter of a Vaiśya is born (a son) called an Ambash^a, with the daughter of a.5udra a Nishada, who is also called a Para^ava. in each case the bridegroom must be older than the wife. He adds, Hence it has been declared that the son of a woman who is older than (her husband) is not a Brahmawa, though she may have been legally married, and may be of the same caste (as her husband).' The commentators are at great pains to prove that subsidiary sons, such as Saho^as, Kaninas, and so forth, and all offspring of illicit unions are outcasts.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
From a Kshatriya and the daughter of a 6udra springs a being, called Ugra, resembling both a Kshatriya and a 6udra, ferocious in his manners, and delighting in cruelty.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
Children of a Brāhmaṇa by (women of) the three (lower) castes, of a Kshatriya by (wives of) the two (lower) castes, and of a Vaiiya by (a wife of) the one caste (below him) are all six called base-born (apasada).. From a Kshatriya by the daughter of a Brāhmaṇa is born (a son called) according to his caste (^-ati) a Suta; from a Vaisya by females of the royal and the Brāhmaṇa (castes) spring a Magadha and a Vaideha.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
From a Śudra are born an Ayogava, a Kshattrz, and a ATa^ala, the lowest of men, by Vaisya, Kshatriya, and Brāhmaṇa females, (sons who owe their origin to) a confusion of the castes.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
As an AmbashMa and an Ugra, (begotten) in the direct order on (women) one degree lower (than their husbands) are declared (to be), even so are a Kshattrz and a Vaidehaka, though they were born in the inverse order of the castes (from mothers one degree higher than the fathers).
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
आयोगवश् च क्षत्ता च चण्डालश् च-अधमो नृणाम् । प्रातिलोम्येन जायन्ते) शूद्राद् अपसदास् त्रयः ॥
āyogavaś ca kṣattā ca caṇḍālaś ca-adhamo nṛṇām | prātilomyena jāyante) śūdrād apasadās trayaḥ ||
From a 6udra spring in the inverse order (by females of the higher castes) three base-born (sons, apasada), an Ayogava, a Kshattrz, and a Kandala, the lowest of men;. From a Vaiiya are born in the inverse order of the castes a Magadha and a Vaideha, but from a Kshatriya a Suta only; these are three other baseborn ones (apasada).
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
Those (sons) whom the twice-born beget on wives of equal caste, but who, not fulfilling their mothers' caste and receive the sacraments according to the law prescribed for the mothers' caste
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
These six (Pratilomas) beget similar races (varṇa) on women of their own (caste), they (also) produce (the like) with females of their mothers caste (^ati), and with females (of) higher ones. the Khasas and Dravu/as are water-carriers and distributors of waters at drinking fountains.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
yathā trayāṇāṃ varṇānāṃ dvayor ātmā-asya jāyate) | ānantaryāt svayonyāṃ tu tathā bāhyeṣv api kramāt || [M.kramaḥ]
As a (Brāhmaṇa) begets on (females of) two out of the three (twice-born castes a son similar to) himself, (but inferior) on account of the lower degree (of the mother), and (one equal to himself) on a female of his own race, even so is the order in the case of the excluded (races, vahya).
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
te ca-api bāhyān subahūṃs tato 'apy adhikadūṣitān | parasparasya dāreṣu janayanti) vigarhitān ||
Those (six mentioned above) also beget, the one on the females of the other, a great many (kinds of) despicable (sons), even more sinful than their (fathers), and excluded (from the Aryan community, vahya).
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
Just as a Śftdra begets on a Brāhmaṇa female a being excluded (from the Aryan community), even so (a person himself) excluded prolikewise refers the line to the Anulomas. 'But (the Anulomas) beget similar sons on females of their mothers' and of their own castes/
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
But men excluded (by the Aryans, vahya), who approach females of higher rank, beget races (varṇa) still more worthy to be excluded, low men (hina) still lower races, even fifteen (in number).
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
A Dasyu begets on an Ayogava (woman) a Sairandhra, who is skilled in adorning and attending (his master), who, (though) not a slave, lives like a slave, (or) subsists by snaring (animals).
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
These races, (which originate) in a confusion (of the castes and) have been described according to their fathers and mothers, may be known by their occupations, whether they conceal or openly show themselves. former reading, as he copies the explanation sukrurasu, ' very cruel,' which
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
Six sons, begotten (by Aryans) on women of equal and the next lower castes ( Anantara), have the duties of twice-born men; but all those born in consequence of a violation (of the law) are, as regards their duties, equal to Śudras.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
तपोबीजप्रभावैस् तु ते गच्छन्ति) युगे युगे । उत्कर्षं च-अपकर्षं च मनुष्येष्व् इह जन्मतः ॥
tapo.bīja.prabhāvais tu te gacchanti) yuge yuge | utkarṣaṃ ca-apakarṣaṃ ca manuṣyeṣv iha janmataḥ ||
By the power of austerities and of the seed (from which they sprang), these (races) obtain here among men more exalted or lower rank in successive births.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
śanakais tu kriyālopād imāḥ kṣatriya.jātayaḥ | vṛṣalatvaṃ gatā) loke brāhmaṇādarśanena ca || [M.brāhmaṇātikrameṇa ca]
But in consequence of the omission ofL_the sacred rites^ and of their not consulting Brāhmaṇas, the following tribes of Kshatriyas have gradually sunk in this world to the condition of Śudras;
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
(Viz.) the Pau^rakaj^Jthe Kod'ds, the Dravidas, the Kambq^as, the ^Yavanas, the Śakas, the Paradas, the Pahlavas. the iClnas, the Kiratas, and the Daradas.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
Their dress (shall be) the garments of the dead, (they shall eat) their food from broken dishes, I black iron (shall be) their ornaments, and they must L always wander from place to place.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
na taiḥ samayam anvicchet) puruṣo dharmam ācaran) | vyavahāro mithas teṣāṃ vivāhaḥ sadṛśaiḥ saha ||
A man who fulfils a religious duty, shall not seek intercourse with them; their transactions (shall be) among themselves, and their marriages with their equals.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
yatra tv ete paridhvaṃsāj jāyante) varṇadūṣakāḥ | rāṣṭrikaiḥ saha tad rāṣṭraṃ kṣipram eva vinaśyati) || [M.rāṣṭriyaiḥ ]
But that kingdom in which such bastards, I sullying (the purity of) the castes, are born, perishes j quickly together with its inhabitants. ' Their food shall be given to them by others in a broken vessel,'
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
ब्राह्मणार्थे गवार्थे वा देहत्यागो ऽअनुपस्कृतः । स्त्रीबालाभ्युपपत्तौ च बाह्यानां सिद्धिकारणम् ॥ [म्स्त्रीबालाभ्यवपत्तौ च ]
brāhmaṇārthe gavārthe vā dehatyāgo 'an.upaskṛtaḥ | strī.bālābhyupapattau ca bāhyānāṃ siddhikāraṇam || [M.strī.bālābhyavapattau ca ]
Dying, without the expectation of a reward, for the sake of Brāhmaṇas and of cows, or in the defence of women and children, secures beatitude to those excluded (from the Aryan community, vahya).
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
Abstention from injuring (creatures), veracity, abstention from unlawfully appropriating (the goods 4k of others), purity, and control of the organs, Manu has declared to be the summary of the law for the four castes.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
If (a female of the caste), sprung from a Brāhmaṇa and a 6udra female, bear (children) to one of the highest caste, the inferior (tribe) attains the highest caste within the seventh generation.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
The law prescribes that neither of the two shall receive the sacraments, the first (being excluded) on account of the lowness of his origin, the second (because the union of his parents was) against the order of the castes.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
Some sages declare the seed to be more important, and others the field; again others (assert that) the seed and the field (are equally important); but the legal decision on this point is as follows:
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
Having considered (the case of) a nonAryan who acts like an Aryan, and (that of) an Aryan who acts like a non-Aryan, the creator declared, ' Those two are neither equal nor unequal.' and the like, which according to other Smmis are permitted to him '
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
ब्राह्मणा ब्रह्मयोनिस्था ये स्वकर्मण्य् अवस्थिताः) । ते सम्यग् उपजीवेयुः) षट् कर्माणि यथाक्रमम् ॥
brāhmaṇā brahmayonisthā ye svakarmaṇy avasthitāḥ) | te samyag upajīveyuḥ) ṣaṭ karmāṇi yathākramam ||
Brāhmaṇas who are intent on the means (of gaining union with) Brahman and firm in (discharging) their duties, shall live by duly performing the following six acts, (which are enumerated) in their (proper) order.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
ṣaṇṇāṃ tu karmaṇām asya trīṇi karmāṇi jīvikā | yājana.adhyāpane ca-eva viśuddhāc ca pratigrahaḥ ||
But among the six acts (ordained) for him three are his means of subsistence, (viz.) sacrificing for others, teaching, and accepting gifts from pure men.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
त्रयो धर्मा निवर्तन्ते) ब्राह्मणात् क्षत्रियं प्रति । अध्यापनं याजनं च तृतीयश् च प्रतिग्रहः ॥
trayo dharmā nivartante) brāhmaṇāt kṣatriyaṃ prati | adhyāpanaṃ yājanaṃ ca tṛtīyaś ca pratigrahaḥ ||
(Passing) from the Brāhmaṇa to the Kshatriya, three acts (incumbent on the former) are forbidden, (viz.) teaching, sacrificing for others, and, thirdly, the acceptance of gifts.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
वैश्यं प्रति तथा-एव-एते निवर्तेरन्न्) इति स्थितिः । न तौ प्रति हि तान् धर्मान् मनुर् आह) प्रजापतिः ॥ [म्। प्रति हितान् धर्मान् ]
vaiśyaṃ prati tathā-eva-ete nivarterann) iti sthitiḥ | na tau prati hi tān dharmān manur āha) prajāpatiḥ || [M. prati hitān dharmān ]
The same are likewise forbidden to a Varsya, that is a settled rule; for Manu, the lord of creatures (Prajāpati), has not prescribed them for (men of) those two (castes).
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
To carry arms for striking and for throwing \ (is prescribed) for Kshatriyas as a means of sub1 sistence; to trade, (to rear) cattle, and agriculture \ 74-80.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
Among the several occupations the most commendable are, teaching the Veda for a Brah- \ ma^a, protecting (the people) for a Kshatriya, and trade for a Vaiśya.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
a.jīvaṃs) tu yathā.uktena brāhmaṇaḥ svena karmaṇā | jīvet) kṣatriyadharmeṇa sa hy asya praty anantaraḥ ||
But a Brāhmaṇa, unable to subsist by his peculiar occupations just mentioned, may live according to the law applicable to Kshatriyas; for the latter is next to him in rank.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
If it be asked, ' How shall it be, if he cannot maintain himself by either (of these occupations?' the answer is), he may adopt a Vaiśya's mode of life, employing himself in agriculture and rearing cattle.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
But a Brāhmaṇa, or a Kshatriya, living by a Vai-sya's mode of subsistence, shall carefully avoid (the pursuit of) agriculture, (which causes) injury to many beings and depends on others. T^84. (Some) "declare that agriculture is something I excellent, (but) that means of subsistence is blamed
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
But he who, through a want of means of subsistence, gives up the strictness with respect to his duties, may sell, in order to increase his wealth, the commodities sold by Vaisyas, making (however) the (following) exceptions.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
bhojana.abhyañjanād dānād yad anyat kurute) tilaiḥ | kṛmibhūtaḥ śvaviṣṭhāyāṃ pitṛbhiḥ saha majjati) ||
If he applies sesamum to any other purpose but food, anointing, and charitable gifts, he will be born (again) as a worm and, together with his ancestors, be plunged into the ordure of dogs.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
रसा रसैर् निमातव्या) न त्व् एव लवणं रसैः । कृतान्नं च कृतान्नेन तिला धान्येन तत्समाः ॥
rasā rasair nimātavyā) na tv eva lavaṇaṃ rasaiḥ | kṛtānnaṃ ca kṛtānnena tilā dhānyena tatsamāḥ ||
Condiments may be bartered for condiments, but by no means salt for (other) condiments; cooked food (may be exchanged) for (other kinds of) cooked food, and sesamum seeds for grain in equal quantities.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
jīved) etena rājanyaḥ sarveṇa-apy anayaṃ gataḥ | na tv eva jyāyaṃsīṃ vṛttim abhimanyeta) karhi cit ||
A Kshatriya who has fallen into distress, may subsist by all these (means); but he must never arrogantly adopt the mode of life (prescribed for his) betters. according to
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
वरं स्वधर्मो विगुणो न पारक्यः स्वनुष्ठितः । [म्विगुणः परधर्मात् स्वधिष्ठितात् ] परधर्मेण जीवन्) हि सद्यः पतति) जातितः ॥
varaṃ svadharmo viguṇo na pārakyaḥ svanuṣṭhitaḥ | [M.viguṇaḥ paradharmāt svadhiṣṭhitāt ] paradharmeṇa jīvan) hi sadyaḥ patati) jātitaḥ ||
It is better (to discharge) one's own (ap- \XjM "^ pointed) duty incompletely than to perform com-^y HLtrX' pletely that of another; for he who lives according to the law of another (caste) is instantly excluded from his own.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
A Vaiśya who is unable to subsist by his own duties, may even maintain himself by a Śudra's mode of life, avoiding (however) acts forbidden (to him), and he should give it up, when he is able (to do so).
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
But a Śudra, being unable to find service with the twice-born and threatened with the loss of his sons and wife (through hunger), may maintain himself by handicrafts.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
A Brāhmaṇa who is distressed through a want of means of subsistence and pines (with hunger), (but) unwilling to adopt a Vaisya's mode of life and resolved to follow his own (prescribed) path, may act in the following manner.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
A^igarta, who suffered hunger, approached in order to slay (his own) son, and was not tainted by sin, since he (only) sought a remedy against famishing.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
Vamadeva, who well knew right and wrong, did not sully himself when, tormented (by hunger), he desired to eat the flesh of a dog in order to save his life.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
Bharadva^a, a performer of great austerities, accepted many cows from the carpenter Brz'bu, when he was starving together with his sons in a lonely forest.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
If Brahma?/as, who are Snatakas, are pining with hunger, or in want of (utensils made of) common metals, or of other property, they may ask the.SYauta-sutra (see the Petersburg Dictionary, sub voce Brzbu) alludes to the legend mentioned by Manu.
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
अकृतं च कृतात् क्षेत्राद् गौर् अजाविकम् एव च । हिरण्यं धान्यम् अन्नं च पूर्वं पूर्वम् अदोषवत् ॥
akṛtaṃ ca kṛtāt kṣetrād gaur ajāvikam eva ca | hiraṇyaṃ dhānyam annaṃ ca pūrvaṃ pūrvam adoṣavat ||
(The acceptance of) an untilled field is less blamable than (that of) a tilled one; (with respect to) cows, goats, sheep, gold, grain, and cooked food, (the acceptance of) each earlier-named (article is less blamable than of the following ones).
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.
सप्त वित्तागमा धर्म्या दायो लाभः क्रयो जयः । प्रयोगः कर्मयोगश् च सत्प्रतिग्रह एव च ॥
sapta vittāgamā dharmyā dāyo lābhaḥ krayo jayaḥ | prayogaḥ karmayogaś ca satpratigraha eva ca ||
There are seven lawful modes of acquiring property, (viz.) inheritance, finding or friendly donation, purchase, conquest, lending at interest, the performance of work, and the acceptance of gifts from virtuous men. according to
Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.