Library·Manu-Smrti·12

Manu-Smrti 12

चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य कृत्स्नो ऽअयम् उक्तो धर्मस् त्वया-अनघः । कर्मणां फलनिर्वृत्तिं शंस) नस् तत्त्वतः पराम् ॥

cāturvarṇyasya kṛtsno 'ayam ukto dharmas tvayā-anaghaḥ | karmaṇāṃ phalanirvṛttiṃ śaṃsa) nas tattvataḥ parām ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

स तान् उवाच) धर्मआत्मा महर्षीन् मानवो भृगुः । अस्य सर्वस्य शृणुत) कर्मयोगस्य निर्णयम् ॥

sa tān uvāca) dharma.ātmā maharṣīn mānavo bhṛguḥ | asya sarvasya śṛṇuta) karmayogasya nirṇayam ||

To the great sages (who addressed him thus) righteous Bhrzgu, sprung from Manu, answered, • Hear the decision concerning this whole connexion with actions.'

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

शुभअशुभफलं कर्म मनोवाच्देहसंभवम् । कर्मजा गतयो न्क़्णाम् उत्तमअधममध्यमः ॥

śubha.aśubha.phalaṃ karma mano.vāc.deha.saṃbhavam | karmajā gatayo nqṇām uttama.adhama.madhyamaḥ ||

Action, which springs from the mind, from speech, and from the body, produces either good or evil results; by action are caused the (various) conditions of men, the highest, the middling, and the lowest.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

तस्य-इह त्रिविधस्य-अपि त्र्यधिष्ठानस्य देहिनः । दशलक्षणयुक्तस्य मनो विद्यात्) प्रवर्तकम् ॥

tasya-iha trividhasya-api tryadhiṣṭhānasya dehinaḥ | daśalakṣaṇayuktasya mano vidyāt) pravartakam ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

परद्रव्येष्व् अभिध्यानं मनसा-अनिष्टचिन्तनम् । वितथाभिनिवेशश् च त्रिविधं कर्म मानसम् ॥

paradravyeṣv abhidhyānaṃ manasā-aniṣṭacintanam | vitathābhiniveśaś ca trividhaṃ karma mānasam ||

Coveting the property of others, thinking in one's heart of what is undesirable, and adherence to false (doctrines), are the three kinds of (sinful) mental action.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

पारुष्यम् अनृतं च-एव पैशुन्यं च-अपि सर्वशः । असंबद्धप्रलापश् च वाच्मयं स्याच्) चतुर्विधम् ॥

pāruṣyam anṛtaṃ ca-eva paiśunyaṃ ca-api sarvaśaḥ | asaṃbaddhapralāpaś ca vāc.mayaṃ syāc) caturvidham ||

Abusing (others, speaking) untruth, detracting from the merits of all men, and talking idly, shall be the four kinds of (evil) verbal action.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अदत्तानाम् उपादानं हिंसा च-एव-अविधानतः । परदारौपसेवा च शारीरं त्रिविधं स्मृतम् ॥

adattānām upādānaṃ hiṃsā ca-eva-avidhānataḥ | paradāra.upasevā ca śārīraṃ trividhaṃ smṛtam ||

Taking what has not been given, injuring (creatures) without the sanction of the law, and holding criminal intercourse with another man's wife, are declared to be the three kinds of (wicked) bodily action.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

मानसं मनसा-एव-अयम् उपभुङ्क्ते) शुभअशुभम् । वाचा वाचा कृतं कर्म कायेन-एव च कायिकम् ॥

mānasaṃ manasā-eva-ayam upabhuṅkte) śubha.aśubham | vācā vācā kṛtaṃ karma kāyena-eva ca kāyikam ||

(A man) obtains (the result of) a good or evil mental (act) in his mind, (that of) a verbal (act) in his speech, (that of) a bodily (act) in his body.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

शरीरजैः कर्मदोषैर् याति) स्थावरतां नरः । वाचिकैः पक्षिमृगतां मानसैर् अन्त्यजातिताम् ॥

śarīrajaiḥ karmadoṣair yāti) sthāvaratāṃ naraḥ | vācikaiḥ pakṣi.mṛgatāṃ mānasair antyajātitām ||

In consequence of (many) sinful acts committed with his body, a man becomes (in the next birth] something inanimate, in consequence (of sins) cornlocations,' i. e. ' the mind, speech, and the body.' ' Falls under tei heads,' i.e. 'those mentioned in verses 5-7.' The mind, which here called the instigator, is the internal organ, which has the faculty of sawkalpa, ' volition.'

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वाग्दण्डो ऽअथ मनोदण्डः कायदण्डस् तथा-एव च । यस्य-एते निहिता बुद्धौ त्रिदण्डी-इति स उच्यते) ॥

vāgdaṇḍo 'atha manodaṇḍaḥ kāyadaṇḍas tathā-eva ca | yasya-ete nihitā buddhau tridaṇḍī-iti sa ucyate) ||

That man is called a (true) trida/^in in whose \ r mind these three, the control over his speech (vagda/^a), the control over his thoughts (manoda^^a), and the control over his body (kayada^da), are firmly^} fixed. /

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

त्रिदण्डम् एतन् निक्षिप्य) सर्वभूतेषु मानवः । कामक्रोधौ तु संयम्य) ततः सिद्धिं नियच्छति) ॥ [म्कामक्रोधौ सुसंयम्य) ततः सिद्धिं निगच्छति]

tridaṇḍam etan nikṣipya) sarvabhūteṣu mānavaḥ | kāma.krodhau tu saṃyamya) tataḥ siddhiṃ niyacchati) || [M.kāma.krodhau susaṃyamya) tataḥ siddhiṃ nigacchati]

That man who keeps this threefold control/ (over himself) with respect to all created beings and\ wholly subdues desire and wrath, thereby assuredly I gains complete success.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यो ऽअस्य-आत्मनः कारयिता तं क्षेत्रज्ञं प्रचक्षते) । यः करोति) तु कर्माणि स भूतात्मा)-उच्यते) बुधैः ॥

yo 'asya-ātmanaḥ kārayitā taṃ kṣetrajñaṃ pracakṣate) | yaḥ karoti) tu karmāṇi sa bhūtātmā)-ucyate) budhaiḥ ||

Him who impels this (corporeal) Self to action, they call the Kṣetrajña (the knower of the field); but him who does the acts, the wise name the Bhutatman (the Self consisting of the elements).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

जीवसंज्ञो ऽअन्तरात्मा-अन्यः सहजः सर्वदेहिनाम् । येन वेदयते) सर्वं सुखं दुःखं च जन्मसु ॥

jīvasaṃjño 'antarātmā-anyaḥ sahajaḥ sarvadehinām | yena vedayate) sarvaṃ sukhaṃ duḥkhaṃ ca janmasu ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

ताव् उभौ भूतसंपृक्तौ महान् क्षेत्रज्ञ एव च । उच्चावचेषु भूतेषु स्थितं तं व्याप्य) तिष्ठतः) ॥

tāv ubhau bhūtasaṃpṛktau mahān kṣetrajña eva ca | uccāvaceṣu bhūteṣu sthitaṃ taṃ vyāpya) tiṣṭhataḥ) ||

These two, the Great One and the Kṣetrajña, who are closely united with the elements, pervade him who resides in the multiform created beings. Giva, has been mentioned in verse under the appellation Kṣetrajña. He adds that ' others' explain Giva by ' the internal organ, which has the form of mind, intelligence, and egoism.' The former view is adopted by

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

असंख्या मूर्तयस् तस्य निष्पतन्ति) शरीरतः । उच्चावचानि भूतानि सततं चेष्टयन्ति) याः ॥

a.saṃkhyā mūrtayas tasya niṣpatanti) śarīrataḥ | uccāvacāni bhūtāni satataṃ ceṣṭayanti) yāḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

पञ्चभ्य एव मात्राभ्यः प्रेत्य दुष्कृतिनां नृणाम् । [म्पञ्चभ्य एव भूतेभ्यः ] शरीरं यातनार्थीयम् अन्यद् उत्पद्यते) ध्रुवम् ॥

pañcabhya eva mātrābhyaḥ pretya duṣkṛtināṃ nṛṇām | [M.pañcabhya eva bhūtebhyaḥ ] śarīraṃ yātanārthīyam anyad utpadyate) dhruvam ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

तेन-अनुभूय) ता यामीः शरीरेण-इह यातनाः । तास्व् एव भूतमात्रासु प्रलीयन्ते) विभागशः ॥

tena-anubhūya) tā yāmīḥ śarīreṇa-iha yātanāḥ | tāsv eva bhūtamātrāsu pralīyante) vibhāgaśaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सो ऽअनुभूय)-असुखौदर्कान् दोषान् विषयसङ्गजान् । व्यपेतकल्मषो ऽअभ्येति) ताव् एव-उभौ महाओजसौ ॥

so 'anubhūya)-asukha.udarkān doṣān viṣayasaṅgajān | vyapeta.kalmaṣo 'abhyeti) tāv eva-ubhau mahā.ojasau ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

तौ धर्मं पश्यतस्) तस्य पापं च-अतन्द्रितौ सह । याभ्यां प्राप्नोति) संपृक्तः प्रेत्य-इह च सुखअसुखम् ॥

tau dharmaṃ paśyatas) tasya pāpaṃ ca-atandritau saha | yābhyāṃ prāpnoti) saṃpṛktaḥ pretya-iha ca sukha.asukham ||

Those two together examine without tiring the merit and the guilt of that (individual soul), united with which it obtains bliss or misery both in this world and the next.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यद्य् आचरति धर्मं स प्रायशो ऽअधर्मम् अल्पशः । [म्यथ-आचरति)] तैर् एव च-आवृतो) भूतैः स्वर्गे सुखम् उपाश्नुते) ॥

yady ācarati dharmaṃ sa prāyaśo 'adharmam alpaśaḥ | [M.yatha-ācarati)] tair eva ca-āvṛto) bhūtaiḥ svarge sukham upāśnute) ||

If (the soul) chiefly practises virtue and vice to a small degree, it obtains bliss in heaven, clothed with those very elements.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यदि तु प्रायशो ऽअधर्मं सेवते) धर्मम् अल्पशः । तैर् भूतैः स परित्यक्तो) यामीः प्राप्नोति) यातनाः ॥

yadi tu prāyaśo 'adharmaṃ sevate) dharmam alpaśaḥ | tair bhūtaiḥ sa parityakto) yāmīḥ prāpnoti) yātanāḥ ||

But if it chiefly cleaves to vice and to virtue in a small degree, it suffers, deserted by the elements, the torments inflicted by Yama.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यामीस् ता यातनाः प्राप्य) स जीवो वीतकल्मषः । तान्य् एव पञ्च भूतानि पुनर् अप्येति) भागशः ॥

yāmīs tā yātanāḥ prāpya) sa jīvo vīta.kalmaṣaḥ | tāny eva pañca bhūtāni punar apyeti) bhāgaśaḥ ||

The individual soul, having endured those torments of Yama, again enters, free from taint, those very five elements, each in due proportion.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

एता दृष्ट्वा)-अस्य जीवस्य गतीः स्वेन-एव चेतसा । धर्मतो ऽअधर्मतश् च-एव धर्मे दध्यात्) सदा मनः ॥

etā dṛṣṭvā)-asya jīvasya gatīḥ svena-eva cetasā | dharmato 'adharmataś ca-eva dharme dadhyāt) sadā manaḥ ||

Let (man), having recognised even by means of his intellect these transitions of the individual soul (which depend) on merit and demerit, always fix his heart on (the acquisition of) merit.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सत्त्वं रजस् तमस्-च-एव त्रीन् विद्याद्) आत्मनो गुणान् । यैर् व्याप्य)-इमान् स्थितो भावान् महान् सर्वान् अशेषतः ॥

sattvaṃ rajas tamas-ca-eva trīn vidyād) ātmano guṇān | yair vyāpya)-imān sthito bhāvān mahān sarvān aśeṣataḥ ||

Know Goodness (sattva), Activity (ra^as), and Darkness (tamas) to be the three qualities of thei

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यो यदा-एषां गुणो देहे साकल्येन-अतिरिच्यते) । स तदा तद्गुणप्रायं तं करोति) शरीरिणम् ॥

yo yadā-eṣāṃ guṇo dehe sākalyena-atiricyate) | sa tadā tadguṇaprāyaṃ taṃ karoti) śarīriṇam ||

When one of these qualities wholly predominates in a body, then it makes the embodied (soul) eminently distinguished for that quality.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सत्त्वं ज्ञानं तमो ऽअज्ञानं रागद्वेषौ रजः स्मृतम् । एतद् व्याप्तिमद् एतेषां सर्वभूताश्रितं वपुः ॥

sattvaṃ jñānaṃ tamo 'ajñānaṃ rāga.dveṣau rajaḥ smṛtam | etad vyāptimad eteṣāṃ sarvabhūtāśritaṃ vapuḥ ||

Goodness is declared (to have the form of) knowledge, Darkness (of) ignorance, Activity (of) love and hatred; such is the nature of these (three) which is (all-)pervading and clings to everything created.. When (man) experiences in his soul a (feeling) full of bliss, a deep calm, as it were, and a pure light, then let him know (that it is) among those three (the quality called) Goodness.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

तत्र यत् प्रीतिसंयुक्तं किं चिद् आत्मनि लक्षयेत्) । प्रशान्तम् इव शुद्धाभं सत्त्वं तद् उपधारयेत्) ॥

tatra yat prītisaṃyuktaṃ kiṃ cid ātmani lakṣayet) | praśāntam iva śuddhābhaṃ sattvaṃ tad upadhārayet) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

यत् तु दुःखसमायुक्तम् अप्रीतिकरम् आत्मनः । तद् रजो प्रतीपं विद्यात्) सततं हारि देहिनाम् ॥ [म्हर्तृ ]

yat tu duḥkhasamāyuktam aprītikaram ātmanaḥ | tad rajo pratīpaṃ vidyāt) satataṃ hāri dehinām || [M.hartṛ ]

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

यत् तु स्यान्) मोहसंयुक्तम् अव्यक्तं विषयात्मकम् । अप्रतर्क्यम् अविज्ञेयं तमस् तद् उपधारयेत्) ॥

yat tu syān) mohasaṃyuktam avyaktaṃ viṣayātmakam | apratarkyam avijñeyaṃ tamas tad upadhārayet) ||

What is coupled with delusion, what has the character of an undiscernible mass, what cannot be fathomed by reasoning, what cannot be fully known, one must consider (as the quality of) Darkness.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

त्रयाणाम् अपि च-एतेषां गुणानां यः फलौदयः । अग्र्यो मध्यो जघन्यश् च तं प्रवक्ष्याम्य्) अशेषतः ॥

trayāṇām api ca-eteṣāṃ guṇānāṃ yaḥ phala.udayaḥ | agryo madhyo jaghanyaś ca taṃ pravakṣyāmy) aśeṣataḥ ||

I will, moreover, fully describe the results which arise from these three qualities, the excellent ones, the middling ones, and the lowest.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वेदाभ्यासस् तपो ज्ञानं शौचम् इन्द्रियनिग्रहः । धर्मक्रिया-आत्मचिन्ता च सात्त्विकं गुणलक्षणम् ॥

vedābhyāsas tapo jñānaṃ śaucam indriyanigrahaḥ | dharmakriyā-ātmacintā ca sāttvikaṃ guṇalakṣaṇam ||

The study of the Vedas, austerity, (the pursuit of) knowledge, purity, control over the organs, the performance of meritorious acts and meditation on the Soul, (are) the marks of the quality of Goodness.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

आरम्भरुचिता-अधैर्यम् असत्कार्यपरिग्रहः । विषयौपसेवा च-अजस्रं राजसं गुणलक्षणम् ॥

ārambharucitā-adhairyam asatkārya.parigrahaḥ | viṣaya.upasevā ca-ajasraṃ rājasaṃ guṇalakṣaṇam ||

Delighting in undertakings, want of firmness, commission of sinful acts, and continual indulgence in sensual pleasures, (are) the marks of the quality of Activity.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

लोभः स्वप्नो ऽअधृतिः क्रौर्यं नास्तिक्यं भिन्नवृत्तिता । याचिष्णुता प्रमादश् च तामसं गुणलक्षणम् ॥

lobhaḥ svapno 'adhṛtiḥ krauryaṃ nāstikyaṃ bhinnavṛttitā | yāciṣṇutā pramādaś ca tāmasaṃ guṇalakṣaṇam ||

Covetousness, sleepiness, pusillanimity, cruelty, atheism, leading an evil life, a habit of soliciting favours, and inattentiveness, are the marks of the quality of Darkness.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

त्रयाणाम् अपि च-एतेषां गुणानां त्रिषु तिष्ठताम्) । इदं सामासिकं ज्ञेयं क्रमशो गुणलक्षणम् ॥

trayāṇām api ca-eteṣāṃ guṇānāṃ triṣu tiṣṭhatām) | idaṃ sāmāsikaṃ jñeyaṃ kramaśo guṇalakṣaṇam ||

Know, moreover, the following to be a brief description of the three qualities, each in its order, as they appear in the three (times, the present, past, and future).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यत् कर्म कृत्वा) कुर्वंश् च करिष्यंश् च-एव लज्जति) । तज् ज्ञेयं विदुषा सर्वं तामसं गुणलक्षणम् ॥

yat karma kṛtvā) kurvaṃś ca kariṣyaṃś ca-eva lajjati) | taj jñeyaṃ viduṣā sarvaṃ tāmasaṃ guṇalakṣaṇam ||

When a (man), having done, doing, or being about to do any act, feels ashamed, the learned may know that all (such acts bear) the mark of the quality of Darkness.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

येन-अस्मिन् कर्मना लोके ख्यातिम् इच्छति) पुष्कलाम् । न च शोचत्य् असंपत्तौ तद् विज्ञेयं तु राजसम् ॥

yena-asmin karmanā loke khyātim icchati) puṣkalām | na ca śocaty asaṃpattau tad vijñeyaṃ tu rājasam ||

But, when (a man) desires (to gain) by an act much fame in this world and feels no sorrow on failing, know that it (bears the mark of the quality of) Activity.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यत् सर्वेण-इच्छति ज्ञातुं यन् न लज्जति) च-आचरन्) । येन तुष्यति) च-आत्मा-अस्य तत् सत्त्वगुणलक्षणम् ॥

yat sarveṇa-icchati jñātuṃ yan na lajjati) ca-ācaran) | yena tuṣyati) ca-ātmā-asya tat sattvaguṇalakṣaṇam ||

But that (bears) the mark of the quality of Goodness which with his whole (heart) he desires to know, which he is not ashamed to perform, and at which his soul rejoices.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

तमसो लक्षणं कामो रजसस् त्व् अर्थ उच्यते । सत्त्वस्य लक्षणं धर्मः श्रैष्ठ्यम् एषां यथाउत्तरम् ॥

tamaso lakṣaṇaṃ kāmo rajasas tv artha ucyate | sattvasya lakṣaṇaṃ dharmaḥ śraiṣṭhyam eṣāṃ yathā.uttaram ||

The craving after sensual pleasures is declared to be the mark of Darkness, (the pursuit of) wealth (the mark) of Activity, (the desire to gain) spiritual according to the rule of conduct;' pramada/z, ' inattentiveness/

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

येन यस् तु गुणेन-एषां संसरान् प्रतिपद्यते) । [म्येन यांस् तु ] तान् समासेन वक्ष्यामि) सर्वस्य-अस्य यथाक्रमम् ॥

yena yas tu guṇena-eṣāṃ saṃsarān pratipadyate) | [M.yena yāṃs tu ] tān samāsena vakṣyāmi) sarvasya-asya yathākramam ||

I will briefly declare in due order what transmigrations in this whole (world a man) obtains through each of these qualities.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

देवत्वं सात्त्विका यान्ति) मनुष्यत्वं च राजसाः । तिर्यक्त्वं तामसा नित्यम् इत्य् एषा त्रिविधा गतिः ॥

devatvaṃ sāttvikā yānti) manuṣyatvaṃ ca rājasāḥ | tiryaktvaṃ tāmasā nityam ity eṣā trividhā gatiḥ ||

Those endowed with Goodness reach the state of gods, those endowed with Activity the state of men, and those endowed with Darkness ever sink to the condition of beasts; that is the threefold course of transmigrations.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

त्रिविधा त्रिविधा-एषा तु विज्ञेया गौणिकी गतिः । अधमा मध्यमअग्र्या च कर्मविद्याविशेषतः ॥

trividhā trividhā-eṣā tu vijñeyā gauṇikī gatiḥ | adhamā madhyama.agryā ca karma.vidyā.viśeṣataḥ ||

But know this threefold course of transmigrations that depends on the (three) qualities (to be again) threefold, low, middling, and high, according to the particular nature of the acts and of the knowledge (of each man).

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

स्थावराः कृमिकीटाश् च मत्स्याः सर्पाः सकच्छपाः । पशवश् च मृगाश् च-एव जघन्या तामसी गतिः ॥

sthāvarāḥ kṛmi.kīṭāś ca matsyāḥ sarpāḥ sa.kacchapāḥ | paśavaś ca mṛgāś ca-eva jaghanyā tāmasī gatiḥ ||

Immovable (beings), insects, both small and great, fishes, snakes, and tortoises, cattle and wild animals, are the lowest conditions to which (the quality of) Darkness leads.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

हस्तिनश् च तुरङ्गाश् च शूद्रा म्लेच्छाश् च गर्हिताः । सिंहा व्याघ्रा वराहाश् च मध्यमा तामसी गतिः ॥

hastinaś ca turaṅgāś ca śūdrā mlecchāś ca garhitāḥ | siṃhā vyāghrā varāhāś ca madhyamā tāmasī gatiḥ ||

Elephants, horses, 6udras, and despicable barbarians, lions, tigers, and boars (are) the middling states, caused by (the quality of) Darkness.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

चारणाश् च सुपर्णाश् च पुरुषाश् च-एव दाम्भिकाः । रक्षांसि च पिशाचाश् च तामसीषु-उत्तमा गतिः ॥

cāraṇāś ca suparṇāś ca puruṣāś ca-eva dāmbhikāḥ | rakṣāṃsi ca piśācāś ca tāmasīṣu-uttamā gatiḥ ||

A'ara/zas, Suparṇas and hypocrites, Rakshasas

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

झल्ला मल्ला नटाश् च-एव पुरुषाः शस्त्रवृत्तयः । द्यूतपानप्रसक्ताश् च जघन्या राजसी गतिः ॥

jhallā mallā naṭāś ca-eva puruṣāḥ śastra.vṛttayaḥ | dyūta.pāna.prasaktāś ca jaghanyā rājasī gatiḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

राजानः क्षत्रियाश् च-एव राज्ञां च-एव पुरोहिताः । वादयुद्धप्रधानाश् च मध्यमा राजसी गतिः ॥

rājānaḥ kṣatriyāś ca-eva rājñāṃ ca-eva purohitāḥ | vāda.yuddha.pradhānāś ca madhyamā rājasī gatiḥ ||

Kings and Kshatriyas, the domestic priests of kings, and those who delight in the warfare of disputations (constitute) the middling (rank of the) states caused by Activity.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

गन्धर्वा गुह्यका यक्षा विबुधानुचराश् च ये । तथा-एव-अप्सरसः सर्वा राजसीषु-उत्तमा गतिः ॥

gandharvā guhyakā yakṣā vibudhānucarāś ca ye | tathā-eva-apsarasaḥ sarvā rājasīṣu-uttamā gatiḥ ||

The Gandharvas, the Guhyakas, and the servants of the gods, likewise the Apsarases, (belong all to) the highest (rank of) conditions produced by Activity.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

तापसा यतयो विप्रा ये च वैमानिका गणाः । नक्षत्राणि च दैत्याश् च प्रथमा सात्त्विकी गतिः ॥

tāpasā yatayo viprā ye ca vaimānikā gaṇāḥ | nakṣatrāṇi ca daityāś ca prathamā sāttvikī gatiḥ ||

Hermits, ascetics, Brāhmaṇas, the crowds of the Vaimanika deities, the lunar mansions, and the Daityas (form) the first (and lowest rank of the) existences caused by Goodness.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यज्वान ऋषयो देवा वेदा ज्योतींषि वत्सराः । पितरश् च-एव साध्याश् च द्वितीया सात्त्विकी गतिः ॥

yajvāna ṛṣayo devā vedā jyotīṃṣi vatsarāḥ | pitaraś ca-eva sādhyāś ca dvitīyā sāttvikī gatiḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

ब्रह्मा विश्वसृजो धर्मो महान् अव्यक्तम् एव च । उत्तमां सात्त्विकीम् एतां गतिम् आहुर्) मनीषिणः ॥

brahmā viśvasṛjo dharmo mahān avyaktam eva ca | uttamāṃ sāttvikīm etāṃ gatim āhur) manīṣiṇaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

एष सर्वः समुद्दिष्टस्) त्रिप्रकारस्य कर्मणः ।[म्त्रिःप्रकारस्य] त्रिविधस् त्रिविधः कृत्स्नः संसारः सार्वभौतिकः ॥

eṣa sarvaḥ samuddiṣṭas) tri.prakārasya karmaṇaḥ |[M.triḥ.prakārasya] trividhas trividhaḥ kṛtsnaḥ saṃsāraḥ sārvabhautikaḥ ||

Thus (the result) of the threefold action, the whole system of transmigrations which (consists) of three classes, (each) with three subdivisions, and which includes all created beings, has been fully pointed out. which the Yatis, ' ascetics/ are a people living on mount Meru. ' The Vaimanika deities/ i. e. ' those who move in mid-air with their palatial chariots, called vimanas.' Instead of Daitya^,

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

इन्द्रियाणां प्रसङ्गेन धर्मस्य-असेवनेन च । पापान् संयान्ति) संसारान् अविद्वांसो नराधमाः ॥

indriyāṇāṃ prasaṅgena dharmasya-asevanena ca | pāpān saṃyānti) saṃsārān avidvāṃso narādhamāḥ ||

In consequence of attachment to (the objects of) the senses, and in consequence of the non-performance of their duties, fools, the lowest of men, reach the vilest births.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यां यां योनिं तु जीवो ऽअयं येन येन-इह कर्मणा । क्रमशो याति) लोके ऽअस्मिंस् तत् तत् सर्वं निबोधत) ॥

yāṃ yāṃ yoniṃ tu jīvo 'ayaṃ yena yena-iha karmaṇā | kramaśo yāti) loke 'asmiṃs tat tat sarvaṃ nibodhata) ||

What wombs this individual soul enters in this world and in consequence of what actions, learn the particulars of that at large and in due order.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

बहून् वर्षगणान् घोरान् नरकान् प्राप्य) तत्क्षयात् । संसारान् प्रतिपद्यन्ते) महापातकिनस् त्व् इमान् ॥

bahūn varṣagaṇān ghorān narakān prāpya) tatkṣayāt | saṃsārān pratipadyante) mahāpātakinas tv imān ||

Those who committed mortal sins (mahapataka), having passed during large numbers of years through dreadful hells, obtain, after the expiration of (that term of punishment), the following births.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

श्वसूकरखरौष्ट्राणां गो।ऽअजअविमृगपक्षिणां । चण्डालपुक्कसानां च ब्रह्महा योनिम् ऋच्छति) ॥

śva.sūkara.khara.uṣṭrāṇāṃ go.'aja.avi.mṛga.pakṣiṇāṃ | caṇḍāla.pukkasānāṃ ca brahmahā yonim ṛcchati) ||

The slayer of a Brāhmaṇa enters the womb of a dog, a pig, an ass, a camel, a cow, a goat, a sheep, a deer, a bird, a Aa^ala, and a Pukkasa.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

कृमिकीटपतङ्गानां विष्भुजां च-एव पक्षिणाम् । हिंस्राणां च-एव सत्त्वानां सुरापो ब्राह्मणो व्रजेत्) ॥

kṛmi.kīṭa.pataṅgānāṃ viṣ.bhujāṃ ca-eva pakṣiṇām | hiṃsrāṇāṃ ca-eva sattvānāṃ surāpo brāhmaṇo vrajet) ||

A Brāhmaṇa who drinks (the spirituous liquor called) Sura shall enter (the bodies) of small and large insects, of moths, of birds, feeding on ordure, and of destructive beasts.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

लूताअहिसरटानां च तिरश्चां च-अम्बुचारिणाम् । हिंस्राणां च पिशाचानां स्तेनो विप्रः सहस्रशः ॥

lūtā.ahi.saraṭānāṃ ca tiraścāṃ ca-ambucāriṇām | hiṃsrāṇāṃ ca piśācānāṃ steno vipraḥ sahasraśaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

तृणगुल्मलतानां च क्रव्यादां दंष्ट्रिणाम् अपि । क्रूरकर्मकृतां च-एव शतशो गुरुतल्पगः ॥

tṛṇa.gulma.latānāṃ ca kravyādāṃ daṃṣṭriṇām api | krūrakarmakṛtāṃ ca-eva śataśo gurutalpagaḥ ||

The violator of a Gurus bed (enters) a hundred times (the forms) of grasses, shrubs, and creepers, likewise of carnivorous (animals) and of (beasts) with fangs and of those doing cruel deeds.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

हिंस्रा भवन्ति) क्रव्यादाः कृमयो ऽअमेध्यभक्षिणः । परस्परादिनः स्तेनाः प्रेत्य-अन्त्यस्त्रीनिषेविणः ॥

hiṃsrā bhavanti) kravyādāḥ kṛmayo 'amedhyabhakṣiṇaḥ | parasparādinaḥ stenāḥ pretya-antyastrīniṣeviṇaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

संयोगं पतितैर् गत्वा) परस्य-एव च योषितम् । अपहृत्य) च विप्रस्वं भवति) ब्रह्मराक्षसः ॥

saṃyogaṃ patitair gatvā) parasya-eva ca yoṣitam | apahṛtya) ca viprasvaṃ bhavati) brahmarākṣasaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

मणिमुक्ताप्रवालानि हृत्वा) लोभेन मानवः । विविधाणि च रत्नानि जायते) हेमकर्तृषु ॥

maṇi.muktā.pravālāni hṛtvā) lobhena mānavaḥ | vividhāṇi ca ratnāni jāyate) hemakartṛṣu ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

धान्यं हृत्वा) भवत्य्) आखुः कांस्यं हंसो जलं प्लवः । मधु दंशः पयः काको रसं श्वा नकुलो घृतम् ॥

dhānyaṃ hṛtvā) bhavaty) ākhuḥ kāṃsyaṃ haṃso jalaṃ plavaḥ | madhu daṃśaḥ payaḥ kāko rasaṃ śvā nakulo ghṛtam ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

मांसं गृध्रो वपां मद्गुस् तैलं तैलपकः खगः । चीरीवाकस् तु लवणं बलाका शकुनिर् दधि ॥

māṃsaṃ gṛdhro vapāṃ madgus tailaṃ tailapakaḥ khagaḥ | cīrīvākas tu lavaṇaṃ balākā śakunir dadhi ||

For stealing meat a vulture, for stealing fat a cormorant, for stealing oil a winged animal (of the (animals)' by ' vultures and the like/ '(beasts) with fangs' by 'lions or tigers and the like.' 'Those doing cruel deeds' are, according to

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

कौशेयं तित्तिरिर् हृत्वा) क्षौमं हृत्वा) तु दर्दुरः । कार्पासतान्तवं क्रौञ्चो गोधा गां वाग्गुदो गुडम् ॥

kauśeyaṃ tittirir hṛtvā) kṣaumaṃ hṛtvā) tu darduraḥ | kārpāsatāntavaṃ krauñco godhā gāṃ vāggudo guḍam ||

For stealing silk a partridge, for stealing linen a frog, for stealing cotton-cloth a crane, for stealing a cow an iguana, for stealing molasses a flying-fox;

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

छुच्छुन्दरिः शुभान् गन्धान् पत्रशाकं तु बर्हिणः । [म्छुच्छुन्दरीः ] श्वावित् कृतान्नं विविधम् अकृतान्नं तु शल्यकः ॥

chucchundariḥ śubhān gandhān patraśākaṃ tu barhiṇaḥ | [M.chucchundarīḥ ] śvāvit kṛtānnaṃ vividham akṛtānnaṃ tu śalyakaḥ ||

For stealing fine perfumes a musk-rat, for stealing vegetables consisting of leaves a peacock, for stealing cooked food of various kinds a porcupine, for stealing uncooked food a hedgehog.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

बको भवति) हृत्वा)-अग्निं गृहकारी ह्य् उपस्करम् । रक्तानि हृत्वा) वासांसि जायते) जीवजीवकः ॥

bako bhavati) hṛtvā)-agniṃ gṛhakārī hy upaskaram | raktāni hṛtvā) vāsāṃsi jāyate) jīvajīvakaḥ ||

For stealing fire he becomes a heron, for stealing householdmtensils a mason-wasp, for stealing dyed clothes a francolin-partridge;

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वृको मृगैभं व्याघ्रो ऽअश्वं फलमूलं तु मर्कटः । स्त्रीम् ऋक्षः स्तोकको वारि यानान्य् उष्ट्रः पशून् अजः ॥

vṛko mṛga.ibhaṃ vyāghro 'aśvaṃ phala.mūlaṃ tu markaṭaḥ | strīm ṛkṣaḥ stokako vāri yānāny uṣṭraḥ paśūn ajaḥ ||

For stealing a deer or an elephant a wolf, for stealing a horse a tiger, for stealing fruit and roots a monkey, for stealing a woman a bear, for stealing water a black-white cuckoo, for stealing vehicles a camel, for stealing cattle a he-goat.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यद् वा तद् वा परद्रव्यम् अपहृत्य) बलात्- नरः । अवश्यं याति) तिर्यक्त्वं जग्ध्वा) च-एव-अहुतं हविः ॥

yad vā tad vā paradravyam apahṛtya) balāt- naraḥ | avaśyaṃ yāti) tiryaktvaṃ jagdhvā) ca-eva-ahutaṃ haviḥ ||

That man who has forcibly taken away any kind of property belonging to another, or who has eaten sacrificial food (of) which (no portion) had been offered, inevitably becomes an animal. which latter word

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

स्त्रियो ऽअप्य् एतेन कल्पेन हृत्वा) दोषम् अवाप्नुयुः) । एतेषाम् एव जन्तूनां भार्यात्वम् उपयान्ति) ताः ॥

striyo 'apy etena kalpena hṛtvā) doṣam avāpnuyuḥ) | eteṣām eva jantūnāṃ bhāryātvam upayānti) tāḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

स्वेभ्यः स्वेभ्यस् तु कर्मभ्यश् च्युता) वर्णा ह्य् अनापदि । पापान् संसृत्य) संसारान् प्रेष्यतां यान्ति) शत्रुषु ॥[म्यान्ति दस्युषु ]

svebhyaḥ svebhyas tu karmabhyaś cyutā) varṇā hy anāpadi | pāpān saṃsṛtya) saṃsārān preṣyatāṃ yānti) śatruṣu ||[M.yānti dasyuṣu ]

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

वान्ताश्य् उल्कामुखः प्रेतो विप्रो धर्मात् स्वकाच् च्युतः) । अमेध्यकुणपाशी च क्षत्रियः कटपूतनः ॥ [म्कूटपूतनः ]

vāntāśy ulkāmukhaḥ preto vipro dharmāt svakāc cyutaḥ) | amedhya.kuṇapāśī ca kṣatriyaḥ kaṭapūtanaḥ || [M.kūṭapūtanaḥ ]

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

मैत्राक्षज्योतिकः प्रेतो वैश्यो भवति) पूयभुक् । [म्मैत्राक्षिज्योतिकः ] चैलाशकश् च भवति) शूद्रो धर्मात् स्वकाच् च्युतः) ॥

maitrākṣajyotikaḥ preto vaiśyo bhavati) pūyabhuk | [M.maitrākṣijyotikaḥ ] cailāśakaś ca bhavati) śūdro dharmāt svakāc cyutaḥ) ||

A Vaiśya who has fallen off from his duty becomes a Maitraksha^yotika Preta, who feeds onpus; and a 6udra, a A^ailcLsaka (Preta, who feeds on\ moths).)

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यथा यथा निषेवन्ते) विषयान् विषयआत्मकाः । तथा तथा कुशलता तेषां तेषु-उपजायते) ॥

yathā yathā niṣevante) viṣayān viṣaya.ātmakāḥ | tathā tathā kuśalatā teṣāṃ teṣu-upajāyate) ||

In proportion as sensual men indulge in sensual pleasures, in that same proportion their taste for them grows.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

ते ऽअभ्यासात् कर्मणां तेषां पापानाम् अल्पबुद्धयः । संप्राप्नुवन्ति) दुःखानि तासु तास्व् इह योनिषु ॥

te 'abhyāsāt karmaṇāṃ teṣāṃ pāpānām alpa.buddhayaḥ | saṃprāpnuvanti) duḥkhāni tāsu tāsv iha yoniṣu ||

By repeating their sinful acts those men of small understanding suffer pain here (below) in various births;

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

तामिस्रादिषु च-उग्रेषु नरकेषु विवर्तनम् । असिपत्रवनादीनि बन्धनछेदनानि च ॥

tāmisrādiṣu ca-ugreṣu narakeṣu vivartanam | asipatravanādīni bandhana.chedanāni ca ||

(The torture of) being tossed about in dreadful hells, Tamisra and the rest, (that of) the Forest with sword-leaved trees and the like, and (that of) being bound and mangled;

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

विविधाश् च-एव संपीडाः काकौलूकैश् च भक्षणम् । करम्भवालुकातापान् कुम्भीपाकांश् च दारुणान् ॥

vividhāś ca-eva saṃpīḍāḥ kāka.ulūkaiś ca bhakṣaṇam | karambhavālukātāpān kumbhīpākāṃś ca dāruṇān ||

And various torments, the (pain of) being devoured by ravens and owls, the heat of scorching sand, and the (torture of) being boiled in jars, which is hard to bear; J. And births in the wombs (of) despicable (beings) which cause constant misery, and afflictions from cold and heat and terrors of various kinds,

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

संभवांश् च वियोनीषु दुःखप्रायासु नित्यशः । शीतआतपअभिघातांश् च विविधानि भयानि च ॥

saṃbhavāṃś ca viyonīṣu duḥkha.prāyāsu nityaśaḥ | śīta.ātapa.abhighātāṃś ca vividhāni bhayāni ca ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

असकृद् गर्भवासेषु वासं जन्म च दारुणम् । बन्धनानि च काष्ठानि परप्रेष्यत्वम् एव च ॥ [म्कष्टानि]

asakṛd garbhavāseṣu vāsaṃ janma ca dāruṇam | bandhanāni ca kāṣṭhāni parapreṣyatvam eva ca || [M.kaṣṭāni]

The (pain of) repeatedly lying in various wombs and agonizing births, imprisonment in fetter hard to bear, and the misery of being enslaved b others,

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

बन्धुप्रियवियोगांश् च संवासं च-एव दुर्जनैः । द्रव्यार्जनं च नाशं च मित्रअमित्रस्य च-अर्जनम् ॥

bandhu.priya.viyogāṃś ca saṃvāsaṃ ca-eva durjanaiḥ | dravyārjanaṃ ca nāśaṃ ca mitra.amitrasya ca-arjanam ||

And separations from their relatives and dear ones, and the (pain of) dwelling together with the wicked, (labour in) gaining wealth and its loss, (trouble in) making friends and (the appearance of enemies,

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

जरां च-एव-अप्रतीकारां व्याधिभिश् च-उपपीडनम् । क्लेशांश् च विविधांस् तांस् तान् मृत्युम् एव च दुर्जयम् ॥

jarāṃ ca-eva-a.pratīkārāṃ vyādhibhiś ca-upapīḍanam | kleśāṃś ca vividhāṃs tāṃs tān mṛtyum eva ca dur.jayam ||

Old age against which there is no remedy, th -;

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यादृशेन तु भावेन यद् यत् कर्म निषेवते) । तादृशेन शरीरेण तत् तत् फलम् उपाश्नुते) ॥

yādṛśena tu bhāvena yad yat karma niṣevate) | tādṛśena śarīreṇa tat tat phalam upāśnute) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

एष सर्वः समुद्दिष्टः कर्मणां वः फलौदयः । नैःश्रेयसकरं कर्म विप्रस्य-इदं निबोधत) ॥

eṣa sarvaḥ samuddiṣṭaḥ karmaṇāṃ vaḥ phala.udayaḥ | naiḥśreyasakaraṃ karma viprasya-idaṃ nibodhata) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

वेदाभ्यासस् तपो ज्ञानम् इन्द्रियाणां च संयमः । अहिंसा गुरुसेवा च निःश्रेयसकरं परम् ॥

vedābhyāsas tapo jñānam indriyāṇāṃ ca saṃyamaḥ | ahiṃsā gurusevā ca niḥśreyasakaraṃ param ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सर्वेषाम् अपि च-एतेषां शुभानाम् इह कर्मणाम् । किं चित्-श्रेयस्करतरं कर्म-उक्तं पुरुषं प्रति ।

sarveṣām api ca-eteṣāṃ śubhānām iha karmaṇām | kiṃ cit-śreyaskarataraṃ karma-uktaṃ puruṣaṃ prati |

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सर्वेषाम् अपि च-एतेषाम् आत्मज्ञानं परं स्मृतम् । तद्द् ह्य् अग्र्यं सर्वविद्यानां प्राप्यते) ह्य् अमृतं ततः ॥

sarveṣām api ca-eteṣām ātmajñānaṃ paraṃ smṛtam | tadd hy agryaṃ sarvavidyānāṃ prāpyate) hy amṛtaṃ tataḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

षण्णाम् एषां तु सर्वेषां कर्मणां प्रेत्य च-इह च । श्रेयस्करतरं ज्ञेयं सर्वदा कर्म वैदिकम् ॥

ṣaṇṇām eṣāṃ tu sarveṣāṃ karmaṇāṃ pretya ca-iha ca | śreyaskarataraṃ jñeyaṃ sarvadā karma vaidikam ||

Among those six (kinds of) actions (enumer-

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

वैदिके कर्मयोगे तु सर्वाण्य् एतान्य् अशेषतः । अन्तर्भवन्ति) क्रमशस् तस्मिंस् तस्मिन् क्रियाविधौ ॥

vaidike karmayoge tu sarvāṇy etāny aśeṣataḥ | antarbhavanti) kramaśas tasmiṃs tasmin kriyāvidhau ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सुखाभ्युदयिकं च-एव नैःश्रेयसिकम् एव च । प्रवृत्तं च निवृत्तं च द्विविधं कर्म वैदिकम् ॥

sukhābhyudayikaṃ ca-eva naiḥśreyasikam eva ca | pravṛttaṃ ca nivṛttaṃ ca dvividhaṃ karma vaidikam ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

इह च-अमुत्र वा काम्यं प्रवृत्तं कर्म कीर्त्यते) । निष्कामं ज्ञातपूर्वं तु निवृत्तम् उपदिश्यते) ॥

iha ca-amutra vā kāmyaṃ pravṛttaṃ karma kīrtyate) | niṣ.kāmaṃ jñātapūrvaṃ tu nivṛttam upadiśyate) ||

Acts which secure (the fulfilment of) wishes in this world or in the next are called pravrztta (such as cause a continuation of mundane existence); but acts performed without any desire (for a reward), preceded by (the acquisition) of (true) knowledge, are declared to be nivrz'tta (such as cause the cessation of mundane existence). ^

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

प्रवृत्तं कर्म संसेव्यं देवानाम् एति) साम्यताम् । निवृत्तं सेवमानस्) तु भूतान्य् अत्येति) पञ्च वै ॥

pravṛttaṃ karma saṃsevyaṃ devānām eti) sāmyatām | nivṛttaṃ sevamānas) tu bhūtāny atyeti) pañca vai ||

He who sedulously performs acts leading to | future births (pravrztta) becomes equal to the gods; but he who is intent on the performance of those causing the cessation (of existence, nivrztta) indeed, passes beyond (the reach of) the five elements.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

सर्वभूतेषु च-आत्मानं सर्वभूतानि च-आत्मनि । समं पश्यन्न्) आत्मयाजी स्वाराज्यम् अधिगच्छति) ॥

sarvabhūteṣu ca-ātmānaṃ sarvabhūtāni ca-ātmani | samaṃ paśyann) ātmayājī svārājyam adhigacchati) ||

He who sacrifices to the Self (alone), equally recognising the Self in all created beings and all created beings in the Self, becomes (independent like) an autocrat and self-luminous. taught in the Veda,' and takes it to mean ' sacrifices like the Gyotish/oma and the worship of images.'

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यथाउक्तान्य् अपि कर्माणि परिहाय) द्विजोत्तमः । आत्मज्ञाने शमे च स्याद्) वेदाभ्यासे च यत्नवान् ॥

yathā.uktāny api karmāṇi parihāya) dvijottamaḥ | ātmajñāne śame ca syād) vedābhyāse ca yatnavān ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

एतद्द् हि जन्मसाफल्यं ब्राह्मणस्य विशेषतः । प्राप्य)-एतत् कृतकृत्यो हि द्विजो भवति) न-अन्यथा ॥

etadd hi janmasāphalyaṃ brāhmaṇasya viśeṣataḥ | prāpya)-etat kṛta.kṛtyo hi dvijo bhavati) na-anyathā ||

For that secures the attainment of the object of existence, especially in the case of a Brahma;za, because by attaining that, not otherwise, a twiceborn man has gained all his ends.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

पितृदेवमनुष्याणां वेदश् चक्षुः सनातनम् । अशक्यं च-अप्रमेयं च वेदशास्त्रम् इति स्थितिः ॥

pitṛ.deva.manuṣyāṇāṃ vedaś cakṣuḥ sanātanam | aśakyaṃ ca-aprameyaṃ ca vedaśāstram iti sthitiḥ ||

The Veda is the eternal eye of the manes, gods, and men; the Veda-ordinance (is) both beyond the sphere of (human) power, and beyond the sphere of (human) comprehension; that is a certain fact. a manner that he understands Brahman to be the object of the worship, and makes over the merit to Brahman. The participial clause means, according to

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

या वेदबाह्याः स्मृतयो याश् च काश् च कुदृष्टयः । [म्श्रुतयो ] सर्वास् ता निष्फलाः प्रेत्य तमोनिष्ठा हि ताः स्मृताः ॥

yā vedabāhyāḥ smṛtayo yāś ca kāś ca kudṛṣṭayaḥ | [M.śrutayo ] sarvās tā niṣ.phalāḥ pretya tamo.niṣṭhā hi tāḥ smṛtāḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

उत्पद्यन्ते) च्यवन्ते) च यान्य् अतो ऽअन्यानि कानि चित् । [मुत्पद्यन्ते) विनश्यन्ति) ] तान्य् अर्वाक्कालिकतया निष्फलान्य् अनृतानि च ॥

utpadyante) cyavante) ca yāny ato 'anyāni kāni cit | [M.utpadyante) vinaśyanti) ] tāny arvākkālikatayā niṣ.phalāny anṛtāni ca ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

चातुर्वर्ण्यं त्रयो लोकाश् चत्वारश् च-आश्रमाः पृथक् । भूतं भव्यं भविष्यं च सर्वं वेदात् प्रसिध्यति) ॥ [म्भूतं भवद् भविष्यं च ]

cāturvarṇyaṃ trayo lokāś catvāraś ca-āśramāḥ pṛthak | bhūtaṃ bhavyaṃ bhaviṣyaṃ ca sarvaṃ vedāt prasidhyati) || [M.bhūtaṃ bhavad bhaviṣyaṃ ca ]

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

शब्दः स्पर्शश् च रूपं च रसो गन्धश् च पञ्चमः । वेदाद् एव प्रसूयन्ते) प्रसूतिर् गुणकर्मतः ॥

śabdaḥ sparśaś ca rūpaṃ ca raso gandhaś ca pañcamaḥ | vedād eva prasūyante) prasūtir guṇa.karmataḥ ||

Sound, touch, colour, taste, and fifthly smell are known through the Veda alone, (their) production (is) through the (Vedic rites, which in this respect are) secondary acts. a^akyam apaurusheyatvat,

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

बिभर्ति) सर्वभूतानि वेदशास्त्रं सनातनम् । तस्माद् एतत् परं मन्ये) यत्-जन्तोर् अस्य साधनम् ॥

bibharti) sarvabhūtāni vedaśāstraṃ sanātanam | tasmād etat paraṃ manye) yat-jantor asya sādhanam ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सेनापत्यं च राज्यं च दण्डनेतृत्वम् एव च । [म्सैनापत्यं ] सर्वलोकाधिपत्यं च वेदशास्त्रविद् अर्हति) ॥

senāpatyaṃ ca rājyaṃ ca daṇḍanetṛtvam eva ca | [M.saināpatyaṃ ] sarvalokādhipatyaṃ ca vedaśāstravid arhati) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

यथा जातबलो वह्निर् दहत्य्) आर्द्रान् अपि द्रुमान् । तथा दहति) वेदज्ञः कर्मजं दोषम् आत्मनः ॥

yathā jāta.balo vahnir dahaty) ārdrān api drumān | tathā dahati) vedajñaḥ karmajaṃ doṣam ātmanaḥ ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

वेदशास्त्रार्थतत्त्वज्ञो यत्र तत्र-आश्रमे वसन्) । इह-एव लोके तिष्ठन्) स ब्रह्मभूयाय कल्पते) ॥

vedaśāstrārthatattvajño yatra tatra-āśrame vasan) | iha-eva loke tiṣṭhan) sa brahmabhūyāya kalpate) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

अज्ञेभ्यो ग्रन्थिनः श्रेष्ठा ग्रन्थिभ्यो धारिणो वराः । धारिभ्यो ज्ञानिनः श्रेष्ठा ज्ञानिभ्यो व्यवसायिनः ॥

ajñebhyo granthinaḥ śreṣṭhā granthibhyo dhāriṇo varāḥ | dhāribhyo jñāninaḥ śreṣṭhā jñānibhyo vyavasāyinaḥ ||

(Even forgetful) students of the (sacred) books are more distinguished than the ignorant, those who remember them surpass the (forgetful) students, those who possess a knowledge (of the meaning) are more distinguished than those who explain asya ^anto^, ' of these creatures,' by ' of men entitled to perform Vedic rites.'

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

तपो विद्या च विप्रस्य निःश्रेयसकरं परम् । तपसा किल्बिषं हन्ति) विद्यया-अमृतम् अश्नुते) ॥

tapo vidyā ca viprasya niḥśreyasakaraṃ param | tapasā kilbiṣaṃ hanti) vidyayā-amṛtam aśnute) ||

Austerity and sacred learning are the best means by which a Brāhmaṇa secures supreme bliss; fyy austerities he destroys guilt, by sacred learning he obtains the cessation of (births and) deaths.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

प्रत्यक्षं च-अनुमानं च शास्त्रं च विविधाआगमम् । त्रयं सुविदितं कार्यं धर्मशुद्धिम् अभीप्सता ॥

pratyakṣaṃ ca-anumānaṃ ca śāstraṃ ca vividhā.āgamam | trayaṃ suviditaṃ kāryaṃ dharmaśuddhim abhīpsatā ||

The three (kinds of evidence), perception, inference, and the (sacred) Institutes which comprise the tradition (of) many (schools), must be fully understood by him who desires perfect correctness with respect to the sacred law.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

आर्षं धर्मौपदेशं च वेदशास्त्रअविरोधिना । यस् तर्केण-अनुसंधत्ते) स धर्मं वेद) न-इतरः ॥

ārṣaṃ dharma.upadeśaṃ ca vedaśāstra.avirodhinā | yas tarkeṇa-anusaṃdhatte) sa dharmaṃ veda) na-itaraḥ ||

He alone, and no other man, knows the sacred law, who explores the (utterances) of the sages and the body of the laws, by (modes of) reasoning, not repugnant to the Veda-lore.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

नैःश्रेयसम् इदं कर्म यथाउदितम् अशेषतः । मानवस्य-अस्य शास्त्रस्य रहस्यम् उपदिश्यते) ॥ [मुपदेक्ष्यते ]

naiḥśreyasam idaṃ karma yathā.uditam aśeṣataḥ | mānavasya-asya śāstrasya rahasyam upadiśyate) || [M.upadekṣyate ]

Thus the acts which secure supreme bliss have been exactly and fully described; (now) the secret portion of these Institutes, proclaimed by Manu, will be taught.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अनाम्नातेषु धर्मेषु कथं स्याद्) इति चेद् भवेत्) । यं शिष्टा ब्राह्मणा ब्रूयुः) स धर्मः स्याद्) अशङ्कितः ॥

an.āmnāteṣu dharmeṣu kathaṃ syād) iti ced bhavet) | yaṃ śiṣṭā brāhmaṇā brūyuḥ) sa dharmaḥ syād) aśaṅkitaḥ ||

If it be asked how it should be with respect to (points of) the law which have not been (specially) mentioned, (the answer is), 'that which Brāhmaṇas (who are) 6*ish/as propound, shall doubtlessly have legal (force)/

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

धर्मेण-अधिगतो यैस् तु वेदः सपरिबृंहणः । ते शिष्टा ब्राह्मणा ज्ञेयाः श्रुतिप्रत्यक्षहेतवः ॥

dharmeṇa-adhigato yais tu vedaḥ sa.paribṛṃhaṇaḥ | te śiṣṭā brāhmaṇā jñeyāḥ śruti.pratyakṣahetavaḥ ||

Those Brāhmaṇas must be considered as vSish/as who, in accordance with the sacred law, have studied the Veda together with its appendages, and are able to adduce proofs perceptible by the senses from the revealed texts. those which, like the Bauddhas, Nirgranthas, and Lokayatikas, deny the authority of the Vedas. 108-115.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

दशअवरा वा परिषद्यं धर्मं परिकल्पयेत्) । त्र्यवरा वा-अपि वृत्तस्था तं धर्मं न विचालयेत्) ॥

daśa.avarā vā pariṣadyaṃ dharmaṃ parikalpayet) | try.avarā vā-api vṛttasthā taṃ dharmaṃ na vicālayet) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

त्रैविद्यो हेतुकस् तर्की नैरुक्तो धर्मपाठकः । त्रयश् च-आश्रमिणः पूर्वे परिषत् स्याद्) दशअवरा ॥

traividyo hetukas tarkī nairukto dharmapāṭhakaḥ | trayaś ca-āśramiṇaḥ pūrve pariṣat syād) daśa.avarā ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

ऋग्वेदविद् यजुर्विद्- च सामवेदविद् एव च । त्र्यवरा परिषद्- ज्ञेया धर्मसंशयनिर्णये ॥

ṛgvedavid yajurvid- ca sāmavedavid eva ca | try.avarā pariṣad- jñeyā dharmasaṃśayanirṇaye ||

One who knows the ^zg-veda, one who knows the Yajur-veda, and one who knows the Sama-veda, shall be known (to form) an assembly consisting of at least three members (and competent) to decide doubtful points of law.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

एको ऽअपि वेदविद् धर्मं यं व्यवस्येद्) द्विजोत्तमः । स विज्ञेयः परो धर्मो न-अज्ञानाम् उदितो ऽअयुतैः ॥

eko 'api vedavid dharmaṃ yaṃ vyavasyed) dvijottamaḥ | sa vijñeyaḥ paro dharmo na-ajñānām udito 'ayutaiḥ ||

Even that which one Brāhmaṇa versed in the Veda declares to be law, must be considered (to have) supreme legal (force, but) not that which is proclaimed by myriads of ignorant men.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

अव्रतानाम् अमन्त्राणां जातिमात्रौपजीविनाम् । सहस्रशः समेतानां परिषत्त्वं न विद्यते) ॥

a.vratānām a.mantrāṇāṃ jātimātra.upajīvinām | sahasraśaḥ sametānāṃ pariṣattvaṃ na vidyate) ||

Even if thousands of Brāhmaṇas, who have

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

यं वदन्ति) तमोभूता मूर्खा धर्मम् अतद्विदः । तत्पापं शतधा भूत्वा) तद्वक्त्क़्न् अनुगच्छति) ॥

yaṃ vadanti) tamobhūtā mūrkhā dharmam atadvidaḥ | tatpāpaṃ śatadhā bhūtvā) tadvaktqn anugacchati) ||

The sin of him whom dunces, incarnations of Darkness, and unacquainted with the law, instruct (in his duty), falls, increased a hundredfold, on those who propound it.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

एतद् वो ऽअभिहितं सर्वं निःश्रेयसकरं परम् । अस्माद् अप्रच्युतो विप्रः प्राप्नोति) परमां गतिम् ॥

etad vo 'abhihitaṃ sarvaṃ niḥśreyasakaraṃ param | asmād apracyuto vipraḥ prāpnoti) paramāṃ gatim ||

All that which is most efficacious for securing supreme bliss has been thus declared to you; a Brāhmaṇa who does not fall off from that obtains the most excellent state.. Thus did that worshipful deity disclose to me, through a desire of benefiting mankind, this whole most excellent secret of the sacred law.. Let (every Brāhmaṇa), concentrating his mind,) fully recognise in the Self all things, both the real/ and the unreal, for he who recognises the universe in the Self, does not give his heart to unrighteousness.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

एवं स भगवान् देवो लोकानां हितकाम्यया । धर्मस्य परमं गुह्यं मम-इदं सर्वम् उक्तवान्) ॥

evaṃ sa bhagavān devo lokānāṃ hitakāmyayā | dharmasya paramaṃ guhyaṃ mama-idaṃ sarvam uktavān) ||

Sanskrit only: no published translation is held for this verse.

सर्वम् आत्मनि संपश्येत्) सत्-च-असत्-च समाहितः । सर्वं ह्य् आत्मनि संपश्यन्) न-अधर्मे कुरुते) मनः ॥ [म्मतिम् ]

sarvam ātmani saṃpaśyet) sat-ca-asat-ca samāhitaḥ | sarvaṃ hy ātmani saṃpaśyan) na-adharme kurute) manaḥ || [M.matim ]

Sampa.?yet, ' let (every Brāhmaṇa) fully recognise,' i. e. ' let him clearly realise in his mind' (sakshatkuryat,

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

आत्मा-एव देवताः सर्वाः सर्वम् आत्मन्य् अवस्थितम् । आत्मा हि जनयत्य्) एषां कर्मयोगं शरीरिणाम् ॥

ātmā-eva devatāḥ sarvāḥ sarvam ātmany avasthitam | ātmā hi janayaty) eṣāṃ karmayogaṃ śarīriṇām ||

The Self alone is the multitude of the gods, the universe rests on the Self; for the Self produces the connexion of these. embodied (spirits) with actions.

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.

खं संनिवेशयेत्) खेषु चेष्टनस्पर्शने ऽअनिलम् । पक्तिदृष्ट्योः परं तेजः स्नेहे ऽअपो गां च मूर्तिषु ॥

khaṃ saṃniveśayet) kheṣu ceṣṭana.sparśane 'anilam | pakti.dṛṣṭyoḥ paraṃ tejaḥ snehe 'apo gāṃ ca mūrtiṣu ||

Let him meditate on the ether as identical with the cavities (of the body), on the wind as iden-; tical with the organs of motions and of touch, on the most excellent light as the same with his digestive organs and his sight, on water as the same with the (corporeal) fluids, on the earth as the same with the solid parts (of his body);

Translated by Georg BühlerFrom an unproofread scan of the printed edition; spelling and line breaks may carry OCR errors.